293. Expressing nouns of number by various combinations.

As Sanskrit grammars not only teach, which are the different nouns of number for the unities, decads etc., but also how to make the interjacent ones (see f. i. Whitney § 476 and 477), this point may be passed over here. It will suffice to give some instances of the most usual idioms for expressing numbers higher than 100. So Varâh. Brh. 11, 5 śatam ekādhikam = 101, Ch. Up. 3, 16, 7 śoḍaśaṃ varṣaśatam »116 years” [liter. a hundred of years, determined by sixteen]. {Cp. P. 5, 2, 45.} — Of addition, as f. i. pañca daśa ca = pañcadaśa, instances are found very often, especially in poetry. — Expressing numbers by multiplication is not rare, either by saying f. i. dviḥ pañca instead of daśa, or by using the type tisro ‘śītayaḥ = 240 [lit. three eighties], cp. 295. Mhbh. 1, 32, 24 navatyā navatīrmukhānāṃ kṛtvā (having made 8100 mouths) we have an instance of multiplication expressed by the instrumental of the multiplicator.

Rem. 1. A very singular manner of denoting numbers between 200 and 1000, mentioned by Whitney § 480, is met with now and then in the dialect of the liturgical books and in epic poetry. Çânkh. Br. 3, 2 troṇi ṣaṣṭiśatāni saṃvatsarasyāhnām, the meaning of which is »360 is the number of the days of a year,” not, as one would infer from the very form, 3 × 160. Çânkh. Çr. 16, 8, 9 dve aśītiśate = 280. So R. 2, 39, 36 trayaḥ śataśatārdhā mātaraḥ are not = 3 × 150, but = 350, cp. ibid. 2, 34, 13, where the same number is thus expressed: ardhasaptaśatāḥ = half-seven hundreds, that is 3 ½ × 100.

Rem. 2. In the ancient dialect cardinal nouns of number show in some degree a tendency to become indeclinable words. See Whitney § 486 c.), who gives instances from vaidik works. But classic Sanskrit disapproved that loss of flexion and checked it (*1).

(*1)
As a rest of it we may consider, that M. 8, 268 and Kathâs. 44, 77 the nom. pañcāśat does duty of an accusative.

293. 種々の組み合わせによる数詞表現

サンスクリットの文法は、1の位（unities; 1, 2, 3…）や10の位（decades; 10, 20, 30…）等の異なる数詞だけでなく、〔ある2つの数の〕中間の数の作り方をも教えているのであるが、この点は考慮に入れなくともよい（例はWhitney §476, 477をみよ）。100より大きい数値を表現するための最も一般的なイディオムの用例をいくつか与えるだけで十分である。
Varâh. Brh. 11, 5 śatam ekādhikam = 101
Ch. Up. 3, 16, 7 śoḍaśaṃ varṣaśatam »116 years’’ [liter. a hundred of years, determined by sixteen]. （P. 5, 2, 45をみよ）

加えて、pañca daśa ca（＝pañcadaśa）のような用法の例は、特に詩において、とても頻繁に見られる。daśaの代わりにdviḥ pañcaとしたり、あるいはtisro ‘śītayaḥ（240; 文字通りには3、80）のような形式を用いるなど、掛け算によって数を表すことも珍しくない（295）。また、掛ける数のinst.によって掛け算を表す例がある：
Mhbh. 1, 32, 24 navatyā navatīrmukhānāṃ kṛtvā (having made 8100 mouths)

【補足1】
Whitney §480に述べられているが、200から1000の間の数を表す非常に特異な仕方は、祭儀書の方言や叙事詩に時折見られる。
Çânkh. Br. 3, 2 troṇi ṣaṣṭiśatāni saṃvatsarasyāhnām（意味は「360は一年の日数である」であり、3×160から推測できるものではない）
Çânkh. Çr. 16, 8, 9 dve aśītiśate = 280
R. 2, 39, 36 trayaḥ śataśatārdhā mātaraḥ（3×150でなく350。ibid. 2, 34, 13では同じ数が以下のようにも表される：ardhasaptaśatāḥ＝7の半分・100＝3.5×100）

【補足2】
古い方言においては、基数詞が不変化辞となる傾向がある。Whitney § 486 c.)に与えられたるヴェーダ文献の用例をみよ。けれども、古典サンスクリットは屈折の喪失を承認せず、それを阻んでいる（*1）。

（*1）
その名残としてM. 8, 268と Kathâs. 44, 77が検討される。nom.のpañcāśatはacc.の役割を果たしている。

293. Expressing nouns of number by various combinations.

As Sanskrit grammars not only teach, which are the different nouns of number for the unities, decads etc., but also how to make the interjacent ones (see f. i. Whitney § 476 and 477), this point may be passed over here. It will suffice to give some instances of the most usual idioms for expressing numbers higher than 100. So Varâh. Brh. 11, 5 śatam ekādhikam = 101, Ch. Up. 3, 16, 7 śoḍaśaṃ varṣaśatam »116 years” [liter. a hundred of years, determined by sixteen]. {Cp. P. 5, 2, 45.} — Of addition, as f. i. pañca daśa ca = pañcadaśa, instances are found very often, especially in poetry. — Expressing numbers by multiplication is not rare, either by saying f. i. dviḥ pañca instead of daśa, or by using the type tisro ‘śītayaḥ = 240 [lit. three eighties], cp. 295. Mhbh. 1, 32, 24 navatyā navatīrmukhānāṃ kṛtvā (having made 8100 mouths) we have an instance of multiplication expressed by the instrumental of the multiplicator.

Rem. 1. A very singular manner of denoting numbers between 200 and 1000, mentioned by Whitney § 480, is met with now and then in the dialect of the liturgical books and in epic poetry. Çânkh. Br. 3, 2 troṇi ṣaṣṭiśatāni saṃvatsarasyāhnām, the meaning of which is »360 is the number of the days of a year,” not, as one would infer from the very form, 3 × 160. Çânkh. Çr. 16, 8, 9 dve aśītiśate = 280. So R. 2, 39, 36 trayaḥ śataśatārdhā mātaraḥ are not = 3 × 150, but = 350, cp. ibid. 2, 34, 13, where the same number is thus expressed: ardhasaptaśatāḥ = half-seven hundreds, that is 3 ½ × 100.

Rem. 2. In the ancient dialect cardinal nouns of number show in some degree a tendency to become indeclinable words. See Whitney § 486 c.), who gives instances from vaidik works. But classic Sanskrit disapproved that loss of flexion and checked it (*1).

(*1)
As a rest of it we may consider, that M. 8, 268 and Kathâs. 44, 77 the nom. pañcāśat does duty of an accusative.

293. 種々の組み合わせによる数詞表現

サンスクリットの文法は、1の位（unities; 1, 2, 3…）や10の位（decades; 10, 20, 30…）等の異なる数詞だけでなく、〔ある2つの数の〕中間の数の作り方をも教えているのであるが、この点は考慮に入れなくともよい（例はWhitney §476, 477をみよ）。100より大きい数値を表現するための最も一般的なイディオムの用例をいくつか与えるだけで十分である。
Varâh. Brh. 11, 5 śatam ekādhikam = 101
Ch. Up. 3, 16, 7 śoḍaśaṃ varṣaśatam »116 years’’ [liter. a hundred of years, determined by sixteen]. （P. 5, 2, 45をみよ）

加えて、pañca daśa ca（＝pañcadaśa）のような用法の例は、特に詩において、とても頻繁に見られる。daśaの代わりにdviḥ pañcaとしたり、あるいはtisro ‘śītayaḥ（240; 文字通りには3、80）のような形式を用いるなど、掛け算によって数を表すことも珍しくない（295）。また、掛ける数のinst.によって掛け算を表す例がある：
Mhbh. 1, 32, 24 navatyā navatīrmukhānāṃ kṛtvā (having made 8100 mouths)

【補足1】
Whitney §480に述べられているが、200から1000の間の数を表す非常に特異な仕方は、祭儀書の方言や叙事詩に時折見られる。
Çânkh. Br. 3, 2 troṇi ṣaṣṭiśatāni saṃvatsarasyāhnām（意味は「360は一年の日数である」であり、3×160から推測できるものではない）
Çânkh. Çr. 16, 8, 9 dve aśītiśate = 280
R. 2, 39, 36 trayaḥ śataśatārdhā mātaraḥ（3×150でなく350。ibid. 2, 34, 13では同じ数が以下のようにも表される：ardhasaptaśatāḥ＝7の半分・100＝3.5×100）

【補足2】
古い方言においては、基数詞が不変化辞となる傾向がある。Whitney § 486 c.)に与えられたるヴェーダ文献の用例をみよ。けれども、古典サンスクリットは屈折の喪失を承認せず、それを阻んでいる（*1）。

（*1）
その名残としてM. 8, 268と Kathâs. 44, 77が検討される。nom.のpañcāśatはacc.の役割を果たしている。

294. How the nouns of number are construed.

From 1-19 the cardinal nouns of number are adjectives, but 20 and the rest are properly substantives. So viṃśatiḥ does not signify „twenty” fr. vingt, but „a number of twenty,” fr. une vingtaine. For this reason, viṃśatiḥ and the rest, śatam, sahasram etc. are not only singulars having a gender of their own, but they are also construed with the genitive. Yet, this construction is not used exclusively. By a false analogy side by side with the regular construction, as viṃśatiḥ purāṇām, śataṃ purāṇām, one says also viṃśatiḥ purāṇi, śataṃ purāṇi, instr. viṃśatyā purāṇām or puraiḥ, śatena purāṇām or puraiḥ, etc. The same applies of course to the compounds in -viṃśatiḥ, -śatam etc., expressive of the interjacent numbers. — It is a matter of course, that instead of using the genitive, it is allowed to compound the substantive with the noun of number.

Examples: 1. a) of a genitive depending on the noun of number: Varâh. Brh. 54, 75 viṃśatyā puruṣāṇām (by 20 men); Ragh. 3, 69 iti kṣitīśo navatiṃ navādhikāṃ mahākratūnāṃ… tatāna (thus the king performed 99 great sacrifices); R. 2, 54, 31 śaradāṃ śatam; Mhbh. 14, 88, 35 yūpeṣu niyatā cāsotpaśūnāṃ triśatī tayā (300 animals were then fastened to the sacrificial piles); Kathâs. 18, 124 dadau… vidṛṣakāya sahasraṃ grāmāṇām, Daç. 142 subhaṭānām anekasahasram asty eva — b) of compounding: Râj. 1, 311 sa varṣaptatiṃ bhuktvā bhuvam (after having reigned seventy years), M. 8, 237 dhanuḥśatam (a hundred bow-lengths), Kathâs. 44, 77 uṣṭrapañcaśatīṃ (500 camels).

2. of viṃśati etc. concording in case with their substantives. — R. 3, 14, 10 prajāpatestu dakṣasya babhūvuḥ… ṣaṣṭir duhitaraḥ, Gaut. 8, 8 catvāriṃ śatā saṃskāraiḥ saṃskṛtaḥ (purified by 40 sacraments), M. 3, 40 jīvanti śataṃ samāḥ, ibid. 4, 87 yāti… narakānekaviṃśatim, Kathâs. 10, 39 vayaṃ daityapaterbaleḥ pautryo daśaśatam (we are 1000 granddaughters of the chief of Daityas, Bali); Mhbh. 1, 16, 8 vavre kadrūḥ sutānnāgānsahasraṃ tulyavarcasaḥ.

Higher numbers, as ayutam, lakṣam, koṭiḥ, are substantives, and always construed with the genitive of the object numbered. R. 1, 53, 21 dadāmy ekāṃ gavāṃ koṭim (I give a crore of cows); Panc, I, 251 na gajānāṃ sahasreṇa na ca lakṣeṇa vājinām / yatkṛtyaṃ sādhyate rājñāṃ durgeṇaikena sidhyati (designs of kings, that do not succeed by a thousand elephants nor by a hundred thousand horse, are successful by one stronghold).

Rem. 1. The double construction of viṃśati etc. is as old as the Rgveda. Cp. f. i. Rgv. 2, 18, 5 catvāriṃśatā haribhiḥ with Rgv. 5, 18, 5 ye me pañcāśataṃ daduraśvānām.

Rem. 2. In epic poetry one meets occasionally with a plural of the decade instead of the singular. Nala. 26, 2 pañcāśaddhir hayaiḥ (with fifty horses) instead of pañcāśatā hayaiḥ.

On the other hand, a singular of the substantive construed with śata and sahasra occurs now and then, as Hariv. 1823 sahasreṇa bāhuṇā [instead of bāhubhiḥ orbāhūnām], Bhâg. Pur. 4, 29, 24 varṣaṃ śatam (*1).

(*1)
Another singular idiom occurs R. 1, 18, 8 ṛtūnāṃ ṣaṭ samatyayuḥ (the six seasons passed), as if ṣaṭ meant »a hexad,” not »six.” Cp. Verz. der Berliner Sanskrithandschriften, n°. 834.

294. 数詞の解釈法

1～19の基数詞は形容詞であるが、20以降は正確には実名詞である。よってviṃśatiḥは「20の」（フランス語：vingt）ではなく「20という数」（a number of twenty; フランス語：une vingtaine）を表す。このため、viṃśatiḥとそれ以降の数（śatamやsahasram等）は、それ自身の性を持つ単数〔の名詞〕であるだけでなく、〔名詞を修飾する際には〕gen.と文法的に結びつく。けれども、この構文のみが用いられるわけではない。viṃśatiḥ purāṇāmやśataṃ purāṇāmなどの通常の構文と並んで、間違った類推によって、viṃśatiḥ purāṇiやśataṃ purāṇi、inst.だとviṃśatyā purāṇām（/ puraiḥ）、śatena purāṇām（/ puraiḥ）などとも言われる。もちろん、このことは-viṃśatiḥや-śatamなどの複合語にも当てはまり、中間の数を表す。—gen.を用いる代わりに数詞と実名詞を複合することもできる。

例文：
1-a.) 数詞に係るgen.
Varâh. Brh. 54, 75 viṃśatyā puruṣāṇām (by 20 men)
Ragh. 3, 69 iti kṣitīśo navatiṃ navādhikāṃ mahākratūnāṃ… tatāna (thus the king performed 99 great sacrifices)
R. 2, 54, 31 śaradāṃ śatam
Mhbh. 14, 88, 35 yūpeṣu niyatā cāsotpaśūnāṃ triśatī tayā (300 animals were then fastened to the sacrificial piles)
Kathâs. 18, 124 dadau… vidṛṣakāya sahasraṃ grāmāṇām
Daç. 142 subhaṭānām anekasahasram asty eva

1-b.) 複合語となる場合
Râj. 1, 311 sa varṣaptatiṃ bhuktvā bhuvam (after having reigned seventy years)
M. 8, 237 dhanuḥśatam (a hundred bow-lengths)
Kathâs. 44, 77 uṣṭrapañcaśatīṃ (500 camels)

2. 〔修飾される〕実名詞と一致するviṃśati等
R. 3, 14, 10 prajāpatestu dakṣasya babhūvuḥ… ṣaṣṭir duhitaraḥ
Gaut. 8, 8 catvāriṃ śatā saṃskāraiḥ saṃskṛtaḥ (purified by 40 sacraments)
M. 3, 40 jīvanti śataṃ samāḥ
ibid. 4, 87 yāti… narakānekaviṃśatim
Kathâs. 10, 39 vayaṃ daityapaterbaleḥ pautryo daśaśatam (we are 1000 granddaughters of the chief of Daityas, Bali)
Mhbh. 1, 16, 8 vavre kadrūḥ sutānnāgānsahasraṃ tulyavarcasaḥ

ayutam、lakṣam、koṭiḥのような大きい数字は実名詞で、常に、番号付けられる目的語のgen.と文法的に結びつく。
R. 1, 53, 21 dadāmy ekāṃ gavāṃ koṭim (I give a crore of cows)
Panc, I, 251 na gajānāṃ sahasreṇa na ca lakṣeṇa vājinām / yatkṛtyaṃ sādhyate rājñāṃ durgeṇaikena sidhyati (designs of kings, that do not succeed by a thousand elephants nor by a hundred thousand horse, are successful by one stronghold)

【補足1】
viṃśati等の二重構文はṚgvedaと同じくらいに古い。
Rgv. 2, 18, 5 catvāriṃśatā haribhiḥ
Rgv. 5, 18, 5 ye me pañcāśataṃ daduraśvānām

【補足2】
叙事詩では時に数10について、sg.の代わりにpl.を用いることがある。
Nala. 26, 2 pañcāśaddhir hayaiḥ (with fifty horses) instead of pañcāśatā hayaiḥ

一方で、śataやsahasraの係る実名詞のsg.が処々に見受けられる。
Hariv. 1823 sahasreṇa bāhuṇā [instead of bāhubhiḥ orbāhūnām]
Bhâg. Pur. 4, 29, 24 varṣaṃ śatam （*1）

（*1）
sg.を用いる他の語法がある：
R. 1, 18, 8 ṛtūnāṃ ṣaṭ samatyayuḥ (the six seasons passed)

ここでṣaṭは「6」ではなく「6つからなる集合」（a hexad）を意味する。Weber 1853, no. 834を参照せよ。

295.

Multiples of viṃśati and the rest are denoted by putting them in the plural. R. 2, 31, 22 kausalyā bidhṛyādāryā sahasrān madvidhān api (the princess Kausalyâ might entertain even thousands of men such as I am) (*1); R. 3, 53, 24 rākṣasā nihatā yena sahasrāṇi caturdaśa (by whom fourteen thousand Râxasas have been killed); M. 11, 221 piṇḍānāṃ tisro ‘śītīḥ… māsenāśnan (eating in a month 3 × 80 balls); Mhbh. 13, 103, 14 mṛṣṭīnāṃ śatāni (*2); — Panc. 253 prayatnaśatair api (even by hundreds of endeavours); Mhbh. 9, 8, 41 daśa cāśvasahasrāṇi (and ten thousand horse); Kathâs. 35, 96 nava kāñcanakoṭīś ca viprebhyaḥ pratipādya saḥ… tapastepe.

(*1)
sahasra is masc. or neuter. See the gaṇa ardharcādi on P. 2, 4, 31.

(*2)
An irregular plural is Kâm. 15, 11 turaṅgamānāṃ parikalpitānām eko gajaḥ ṣaṣṭiśatāni hanti instead of either ṣaṣṭiśatam or ṣaṣṭiṃ śatāni.

295. viṃśatiその他の倍数表現

viṃśatiその他の倍数はpl.で表現される。
R. 2, 31, 22 kausalyā bidhṛyādāryā sahasrān madvidhān api (the princess Kausalyâ might entertain even thousands of men such as I am) （*1）
R 3, 53, 24 rākṣasā nihatā yena sahasrāṇi caturdaśa (by whom fourteen thousand Râxasas have been killed)
M. 11, 221 piṇḍānāṃ tisro ‘śītīḥ… māsenāśnan (eating in a month 3 × 80 balls)
Mhbh. 13, 103, 14 mṛṣṭīnāṃ śatāni （*2）
Panc. 253 prayatnaśatair api (even by hundreds of endeavours)
Mhbh. 9, 8, 41 daśa cāśvasahasrāṇi (and ten thousand horse)
Kathâs. 35, 96 nava kāñcanakoṭīś ca viprebhyaḥ pratipādya saḥ… tapastepe

（*1）
sahasraはm.かn.である。P. 2, 4, 31のgaṇa：ardharcādiをみよ。

（*2）
イレギュラーなpl.がある：br Kâm. 15, 11 turaṅgamānāṃ parikalpitānām eko gajaḥ ṣaṣṭiśatāni hanti（ṣaṣṭiśatamやṣaṣṭiṃ śatāniの代わりにṣaṣṭiśatāni）

296.

Numbers, given approximately, are expressed by such compounds as āsannaviṃśāḥ (nearly twenty), adṛratriṃśāḥ (not far from thirty), upadaśāḥ (almost ten), adhikacatvāriṃśāḥ (more than forty). {P. 2, 2, 25.}

»Two or three” is dvitrāṇi, »three or four” tricaturāṇi, »five or six” pañcaṣāḥ. Comp. Daç. 94 the compound adverb dvitricaturam »twice, three-, four times.”

296. おおよその数

おおよその数は、āsannaviṃśāḥ（ほとんど20）、adṛratriṃśāḥ（30より遠からざる）、upadaśāḥ（ほぼ10）、adhikacatvāriṃśāḥ（40以上）などの合成語で表される（P. 2, 2, 25.）。

「2か3」はdvitrāṇi、「3か4」はtricaturāṇi、「5か6」はpañcaṣāḥ。
Daç. 94 the compound adverb dvitricaturam »twice, three-, four times.’’

297.

Note the use of the words dvayam and trayam, or dvitayam and tritayam = »couple” and »triad;” »tetrad” is catuṣṭayam. They are often the last members of compounds. M. 2, 76 vedatrayam (the three Vedas), Utt. III, p. 37 tataḥ praviśati nadīdvayaṃ tamasā maralā ca.

297. dvayam等

dvayam（/ dvitayam; 2つの, couple）とtrayam（/ {tritayam; 3つの, triad）、catuṣṭayam（4つの, tetrad）…などの語の使用に注意せよ。これらはしばしば合成語の最後の要素となる。
M. 2, 76 vedatrayam (the three Vedas)
Utt. III, p. 37 tataḥ praviśati nadīdvayaṃ tamasā maralā ca

298. api after cardinals and sarva.

Putting api after a cardinal expresses the completeness of the number. So dvāvapi „both of them,” trayo ’pi „all three of them.” One says even sarve ’pi, sakalā api etc. = »all of them.” Bhoj. 91 bahubhiḥ kapibhir jambūphalāni sarvāṇy api cālitāni.

298. 数の全体を表すapi / sarva

apiを基数詞の後に置くと、その数の〔全体に言及するという意味での〕完全性（completeness）を表す。よってdvāv apiは「2つのうちの両方」、trayo ’piは「3つのうちの全て」となる。sarve ’piやsakalā api（＝それらの全て）とも言いうる。
Bhoj. 91 bahubhiḥ kapibhir jambūphalāni sarvāṇy api cālitāni

299. Nouns of number, being members of compounds.

Cardinals may often be the latter members of compounds, see 294 and 296.

When former members, they may make up with their latter members the so-called dvigus. This term is applied to two different kinds of compounds, viz. 1. the collective compounds, made up of a cardinal + a noun subst., and employed in a collective sense; they must be of the neuter gender, as catuṣpatham (juncture of four roads), but themes in -a may be feminines in -ī as well as neuters in -am, as trilokam or trilokī (the three worlds) {P. 2, 1, 23.}; 2. compound adjectives, which rank with the bahuvrîhis, but the notion inherent to which is not that of „possession,” but some other. So the word dvigu itself, meaning „bought for [having the value of] two cows.” {P. 2, 1, 52.} Ait. Br. 1, 1, 6 ekādaśakapālaḥ puroḍāśaḥ (a cake dressed on eight eleven plates).

Beside this special use, the cardinals may be parts of the general tatpurushas and bahuvrîhis, especially the latter. Such bahuvrîhis as daśāsyaḥ (having ten faces), viṃśatibāhuḥ (with twenty arms), are, in practice, by far more frequent than the adjectival dvigus. Yâjñ. 2, 125 catustridvyekabhāgāḥ syurvarṇaśo brāhmaṇātmajāḥ (the sons of a brahman own according to the caste [of their mother] four, three, two and one portions), Pat. I, p. 62 tripado ’yam bahuvrīhiḥ (this bahuvrîhi is of three elements).

299. 複合語の要素となる場合の数詞

基数詞は複合語の最後の要素になりうる。294と296を参照せよ。

複合語の語頭に置かれる場合、後ろの語をdvigu（数詞限定複合語）とする。この用語は2種の異なる複合語に適用される。すなわち：
1. 基数詞＋実名詞からなり、集合の意味を表す、集合的複合語。catuṣpatham（四つ辻）のようにn.でなければならないが、n.のtrilokam（三界）がf.のtrilokīともなりうるのと同様に-a語幹の主語は-ī語幹のf.になりうる（P. 2, 1, 23）。

2. bahuvrīhiの中に置かれるが、その固有の概念が所有でなく、他の概念であるところの複合形容詞（compound adjective）。よってdviguという語それじたいは「牛2頭〔分の値段で〕買われた」となる（P. 2, 1, 52）。
Ait. Br. 1, 1, 6 ekādaśakapālaḥ puroḍāśaḥ（11の皿をもつ＝皿に盛られたライスケーキ）

この特殊な用法の他には、基数詞がふつうのtatpuruṣaやbahuvrīhi、とりわけ後者の要素になりうる、というものがある。そのようなbahuvrīhiとしてはdaśāsyaḥ（10の顔を持つ）、viṃśatibāhuḥ（20の腕ある）があり、実際には、副詞的dviguよりもはるかに頻繁である。
Yâjñ. 2, 125 catustridvyekabhāgāḥ syurvarṇaśo brāhmaṇātmajāḥ (the sons of a brahman own according to the caste [of their mother] four, three, two and one portions)
Pat. I, p. 62 tripado ’yam bahuvrīhiḥ (this bahuvrîhi is of three elements)

300.

Ordinal nouns of number, when latter members of a bahuvrîhi, are of course used as substantives (cp. 224 R. 1). So R. 2, 40, 17 sītātṛtīyān ārūḍhān dṛṣṭvā (after seeing them mounted, having Sîtâ as the third, that is: them two with Sîtâ). — Note the phrase ātmatṛtīyaḥ (himself with two others), ātmapañcamaḥ (himself with four others) and the like, cp. Greek αὐτός τρίτος (πέμπτος). An instance of the same phrase, but in analytic form, may be Mahâv. IV, p. 74 ātmanā tṛtīyena gantavyam ity ambāyā ādeśaḥ. — As to -dvitīya almost = »with” cp. 58 R.

300. bahuvrīhi中の序数詞

序数詞は、bahuvrīhiの要素となる場合、とうぜん実名詞として用いられる（224-補足1）。
R. 2, 40, 17 sītātṛtīyān ārūḍhān dṛṣṭvā (after seeing them mounted, having Sîtâ as the third, that is: them two with Sîtâ)

ātmatṛtīyaḥ（自身を第3とする＝彼自身と他2人）、ātmapañcamaḥ（自身を第5とする＝彼自身と他4人）などの句に注意せよ（古代ギリシャ語のαὐτός τρίτος （πέμπτος）と比較せよ）。同様の句の例は、分解された形ではないものの、以下のものであろう：
Mahâv. IV, p. 74 ātmanā tṛtīyena gantavyam ity ambāyā ādeśaḥ

-dvitīyaはほとんどwithである。58の補足をみよ。

301. Fractions, how expressed.

Fractions are expressed, as with us, by ordinal numbers, either accompanied by some word meaning »part,” as in the proverbial phrase kalāṃ nārhati ṣoḍaśīm (see f. i. Panc. II, 61, M. 2, 86), Ragh. 2, 66 upabhoktuṃ ṣaṣṭāṃśamurvyāḥ (to enjoy the sixth part of the earth), or put alone, when substantives of the neuter gender M. 8, 398 tato viṃśaṃ nṛpo haret (the king must take the twentieth part of it).

Moreover, they may be denoted also by compounds made up of a cardinal number + such a word as bhāga, aṃśa etc. M. 8, 140 aśītibhāgaṃ gṛhṇīyāt (be may take ¹⁄₈₀); ibid. 304 dharmaṣaḍbhāgaḥ (a sixth part of the virtue); Kumâras. 5, 57 tribhāgaśeṣāsu niśāsu (when but a third part of the night is left); Varâh. Brh. 53, 25 pañcāśaḥ = ⅕ (*1).

Very common are ardham = ½ and pādaḥ = ¼. They are substantives and accordingly coustrued with a genitive, but often also compounded. Note such turns as Bhoj. 48 sapādaśataṃ gajendrāḥ (125 tall elephants, lit. a hundred + a fourth of it), R. 2, 39, 36 ardhasaptaśatāḥ pramadāḥ = half seven-hundred women, that is 350. Râj. 1, 286 tatsūnusriṃśataṃ sārdhāṃ varṣāṇām anvaśānmahīm (— reigned 45 years —). Such numbers as 1½, 2½ etc. are signified by the compounds ardhadvitīya, ardhatṛtīya etc., that are adjectives and bahuvrîhis, literally meaning »the second, third etc. being [but] half” (*2). M. 4, 95 yuktaś chāndāṃsy adhīyīta māsān vipro ‘rdhapañcamān (for 4½ month a brahman must study the vedic texts). »One and a half” is also adhyardham [literally = »with a half more”], as adhyardhaśatam = 150.

Rem. How the interest of money is denoted, may appear from this passage of Manu (8, 142): dvikaṃ trikaṃ catuṣkaṃ ca pañcakaṃ ca śataṃ samam / māsasya vṛddhiṃ gṛhṇīyād varṇānām anupūrvaśaḥ (he may take 2, 3, 4 and 5⁰⁄₀ a month according to the caste).

(*1)
This mode of designating fractions is however not free from ambiguousness, as tribhāga may denote also »three parts.” See Mallin. on Kumâras. 5, 57. Nor are compounds, beginning with ardha- always exempt from it. So f. i. ardhaśatam may be = half a hundred that is 50, or = a hundred + half of it, that is 150. R. 2, 34, 13 ardhasaptaśatāḥ is explained in the Petr. Dict., as being 750, but Gorresio is right in accepting it = 350.

(*2)
On this subject see the disputation of Patañjali I, p. 426 who, as is often the case, rather obscures than illustrates the subject which he treats.

301. 倍数の表現法

倍数（fraction）は、英語がそうであるように序数で表される。大別して2つの方法がある：
1. 部分（part）を意味するいくつかの語を付す
kalāṃ nārhati ṣoḍaśīm（ことわざ。Panc. II, 61, M. 2, 86）
Ragh. 2, 66 upabhoktuṃ ṣaṣṭāṃśamurvyāḥ (to enjoy the sixth part of the earth)

2. 実名詞のn.であればそれを単独で置く
M. 8, 398 tato viṃśaṃ nṛpo haret (the king must take the twentieth part of it)

加えて、倍数は、基数詞にbhāgaやaṃśa等の語を付加した複合語によっても表しうる（*1）。
M. 8, 140 aśītibhāgaṃ gṛhṇīyāt (be may take 1/80)
ibid. 304 dharmaṣaḍbhāgaḥ (a sixth part of the virtue)
Kumâras. 5, 57 tribhāgaśeṣāsu niśāsu (when but a third part of the night is left)
Varâh. Brh. 53, 25 pañcāṃśaḥ = ⅕

非常に一般的なのはardham（=½）とpādaḥ（=¼）である。これらは実名詞であり、よってgen.が文法的に結びつくが、しばしば複合語にもなる。以下のような表現に注意せよ：
Bhoj. 48 sapādaśataṃ gajendrāḥ (125 tall elephants, lit. a hundred + a fourth of it)
R. 2, 39, 36 ardhasaptaśatāḥ pramadāḥ = half seven-hundred women, = 350
Râj. 1, 286 tat sūnusriṃśataṃ sārdhāṃ varṣāṇām anvaśānmahīm (— reigned 45 years —)

1½や2½のような数は、ardhadvitīyaやardhatṛtīyaなどの複合語によって表される。これは形容詞かつbahuvrīhiで、文字通りの意味は「第2、第3…は半分だけ」（*2）。
M. 4, 95 yuktaś chāndāṃsy adhīyīta māsān vipro ‘rdhapañcamān (for 4½ month a brahman must study the vedic texts)

任意の数とその半分は、adhyardhaśatam（＝150）のようにadhyardham（…と半分以上）によっても表される。

【補足】
借金の利息の表し方は以下に見て取られる：
Manu 8, 142 dvikaṃ trikaṃ catuṣkaṃ ca pañcakaṃ ca śataṃ samam / māsasya vṛddhiṃ gṛhṇīyād varṇānām anupūrvaśaḥ (he may take 2, 3, 4 and 5⁰⁄₀ a month according to the caste)

（*1）
ただし、tribhāgaは「3つの部分」を表す場合もあるため、分数を指示するこの仕方は〔どちらを意味するのかという点で〕曖昧さから逃れられない。Kumâras. 5, 57へのMallināthaの注釈を参照せよ。また、ardha-で始まる複合語は、常に〔分数であるから、分数か部分の数を表すのか分からない、という曖昧さを〕免れる。よって、例えばardhaśatamは「100の半分」＝50、あるいは「100＋その半分」＝150である。R. 2, 34, 13 ardhasaptaśatāḥは、Sanskrit Wörterbuchには750と説明されるが、350と解するGorresioが正しい。

（*2）
この主題に関しては、Patañjali I, p. 426の論を参照せよ。もっとも、しばしばそうであるように、彼は扱う主題を明確にするよりもむしろ曖昧にしているのであるが。

302. Other remarks.

By being repeated, cardinals or ordinals acquire a distributive meaning, see 252, 3-. Panc. 194 tribhis tribhir guptacaraiḥ = per ternos speculatores, Vâr. Yog. 2, 35 pañcame pañcame ‘hni (every fifth day). The same duty may be done by adverbs in -śaḥ, especially by bahuśaḥ, śataśaḥ, sahasraśaḥ »by hundreds, by thousands,” also »in hundred, thousand ways, manifold”, gaṇaśaḥ (by crowds), f. i. Çat. Br. 14, 4, 2, 24, etc.

The proper employment of the adverbs in -dhā is to indicate a real division of a whole into so and so many parts. M. 7, 173 dvidhā balaṃ kṛtvā (divided his forces in two parts), Kathâs. 106, 133 tadā te śatadhā vidaliṣyati (— into a hundred pieces).

Our adjectives in -fold, etc. are represented in Sanskrit by compounds in -guṇa — see the dictionary — as dviguṇa (twofold, double), triguṇa, caturguṇa, sahasraguṇa. The standard of comparison is here of course put in the ablative, cp. 106 R. 2.

302. その他注意点

基数詞や序数詞を繰り返すと、配分的（distributive）意味をもつ（252-3）。
Panc. 194 tribhis tribhir guptacaraiḥ = per ternos speculatores
Vâr. Yog. 2, 35 pañcame pañcame ‘hni (every fifth day)

同じことが、bahuśaḥ、śataśaḥ（by hundreds, in hundred ways）、sahasraśaḥ、gaṇaśaḥ（by crowds）など、-śaḥの副詞によってもなされる（Çat. Br. 14, 4, 2, 24等）。

-dhāの副詞の適切な用法は、あるものの総体を多くの部分に〔、すなわち、複数のものから構成されるものでなく、1つのものを〕実際に分割することを表す。
M. 7, 173 dvidhā balaṃ kṛtvā (divided his forces in two parts)
Kathâs. 106, 133 tadā te śatadhā vidaliṣyati (— into a hundred pieces)

英語の接尾辞"-fold"（…倍の）等は、サンスクリットではdviguṇa（twofold, double）、triguṇa、caturguṇa、sahasraguṇaのように、合成語-guṇaによって置き換えられる。

ここでの比較の基準〔となる数〕は、もちろんabl.に置かれる（106-補足2）。