408. Interrogations.

Interrogative sentences are twofold. Sometimes it is the whole action or fact, which is put in question, as „is he gone?”, sometimes it is not the fact itself but one of its elements, that is asked after, as: „where does he dwell? who has seen him?” Questions of the latter type are introduced by interrogative pronouns or adverbs, those of the former 1st by particles, which partly are also derivatives from the interrogative pronoun, 2ly the interrogation is signified by the mere mode of pronouncing.

Interrogative pronouns and adverbs.

I. The interrogative pronoun is ka, the interrogative adverbs, as kva, kutaḥ, kim iti (why?), are its derivatives. As a rule they head the sentence, at least in prose; in poetry they may be put anywhere. Panc. 126 kenopāyenaiṣāṃ dhanaṃ labhe, Daç.82 kāsi vāsu kva yāsi, Pat. I, p. 427 kati bhavato bhāryāḥ; — Mṛcch. IX, p. 302 athedānīṃ vasantasenā kva gatā; Panc. II, 4 akṣaiś cāpi yudhiṣṭhireṇa sahasā prāpto hy anarthaḥ katham.

Rem. Like other pronouns the interrogative may be part of a compound. Mṛcch. IX, p. 302 kiṃ nāmadheyaṃ tasyā mitram (v. a. what is the name of her lover?), Daç. 74 janmanaḥ prabhṛtyarthakāmavārtān abhijñā vayaṃ jñeyau cemau kiṃrūpau kiṃparivārau kiṃphalau (as long as I live, I have been unacquainted with the course of [those two objects of human pursuit] Profit and Pleasure, and I should like to know what is their shape I who are their attendants and what fruit they yield), Pat. I, p. 6 kathañjātīyaka utsargaḥ kartavyaḥ kathañjātīyako ‘pavādaḥ (rule and exception being wanted, what is the nature of either?).

408. 疑問文

疑問文には2種ある。それは「彼は行ったか？」（is he gone?）のような、行為や事実の全体が問われるものであったり、事実それ自体ではなくて「どこに彼は住んでいるのか？　誰が彼を見たのか？」（where does he dwell? who has seen him?）のような、行為や事実の一要素が問われるものであったりする。後者のタイプの質問は疑問代名詞（interrogative pronoun）や疑問副詞（- adverb）によって導かれる。前者のタイプは、第1には、その一部が疑問代名詞の派生でもあるような不変化辞によって、第2には、単に発音の仕方によって、表される。

○疑問代名詞・副詞

I. 疑問代名詞はkaで、kva、kutaḥ、kim itiのような疑問副詞はその派生語である。少なくとも散文では、原則として文頭に来る。詩文ではどこにでも置きうる。
Panc. 126 kenopāyenaiṣāṃ dhanaṃ labhe
Daç.82 kāsi vāsu kva yāsi
Pat. I, p. 427 kati bhavato bhāryāḥ
Mṛcch. IX, p. 302 athedānīṃ vasantasenā kva gatā
Panc. II, 4 akṣaiś cāpi yudhiṣṭhireṇa sahasā prāpto hy anarthaḥ katham

【補足】
他の代名詞と同様に、疑問代名詞は合成語の一部となりうる。
Mṛcch. IX, p. 302 kiṃ nāmadheyaṃ tasyā mitram (v. a. what is the name of her lover?)
Daç. 74 janmanaḥ prabhṛtyarthakāmavārtān abhijñā vayaṃ jñeyau cemau kiṃrūpau kiṃparivārau kiṃphalau (as long as I live, I have been unacquainted with the course of [those two objects of human pursuit] Profit and Pleasure, and I should like to know what is their shape I who are their attendants and what fruit they yield)
Pat. I, p. 6 kathañjātīyaka utsargaḥ kartavyaḥ kathañjātīyako ‘pavādaḥ (rule and exception being wanted, what is the nature of either?)

409.

Other remarks on the interrogative pronoun and its derivatives. — 1. They may depend on participles, gerunds and the like, also subordinate sentences. Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 tasya vyavasitas tyāgo buddhim āsthāya kāṃ tvayā (v. a, what motive has made you decide to abandon this [man]?), Mudr. I, p. 28 yadi kiṃ syāt (if what would be?).

2. Nothing precludes the presence of more interrogatives, referring to different things, in the same sentence. Pat. I, p. 241 keṣv artheṣu kāñ śabdān prayuñjate (what sounds do they employ [and] in what meanings?), Kathâs. 41, 37 ko ‘rhī prārthayate kaḥ kiṃ kasmai kiṃ dīyatām iti (who is indigent? who begs [and] for what? to whom should be given [and] what?).

3. Some particles, viz. vā, svit, iva, nu, u, nāma, are subjoined to them, in order to express some interest taken in the question by the speaker. Cp. the like duty of Lat. - nam and tandem, Greek ποτέ, French donc. Çâk. I mānuṣīṣu kathaṃ vā syād asya rūpasya saṃbhavaḥ (is it then possible, that such a beauty should be of human origin?); Mhbh. 1, 91, 8 kati svid eva mṛnayaḥ kati maunāni cāpy uta / bhavantīti tadācakṣva śrotum icchāmahe vayam; R. 2, 38, 8 apakāraṃ kamiva te karoti janakātmajā (what possible injury can Janaka’s daughter do you then?); Ch. Up. 4, 14, 2 brahmavida iva saumya te mukhaṃ bhāti / ki nu tvānuśaśāsa (friend, your face shines like that of one who knows Brahman; who has taught you?); Kathâs. 16, 9 kiṃ nāma na sahante hi bhatṛbhaktāḥ kulāṅganāḥ.

4. Note the phrase ko ‘yam (who is it, that — here?), f. i. Hit. 21 tatastamāyāntaṃ dṛṣṭvā pakṣiśāvakair bhayārtaiḥ kolāhalaḥ kṛtaḥ / tac chrutvā jaradgavenoktaṃ / ko ‘yam āyāti.

5. kim may do duty as a particle, see 412, 3°.

409. 承前

疑問代名詞とその派生語に関するその他の注意点：

1. これらは分詞・絶対分詞等や従属文にも係る。
Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 tasya vyavasitas tyāgo buddhim āsthāya kāṃ tvayā (v. a, what motive has made you decide to abandon this [man]?)
Mudr. I, p. 28 yadi kiṃ syāt (if what would be?)

2. 同じ文の中に、別のものを指示する複数の疑問詞があってもよい。
Pat. I, p. 241 keṣv artheṣu kāñ śabdān prayuñjate (what sounds do they employ [and] in what meanings?)
Kathâs. 41, 37 ko ‘rhī prārthayate kaḥ kiṃ kasmai kiṃ dīyatām iti (who is indigent? who begs [and] for what? to whom should be given [and] what?)

3. vā、svit、iva、nu、u、nāmaのような不変化辞が付加されると、話者による質問への何らかの関心を表す。ラテン語の- namとtandem、古代ギリシャ語のποτέ、フランス語のdoncの役割と比較せよ。
Çâk. I mānuṣīṣu kathaṃ vā syād asya rūpasya saṃbhavaḥ (is it then possible, that such a beauty should be of human origin?)
Mhbh. 1, 91, 8 kati svid eva mṛnayaḥ kati maunāni cāpy uta / bhavantīti tadācakṣva śrotum icchāmahe vayam
R. 2, 38, 8 apakāraṃ kamiva te karoti janakātmajā (what possible injury can Janaka’s daughter do you then?)
Ch. Up. 4, 14, 2 brahmavida iva saumya te mukhaṃ bhāti / ki nu tvānuśaśāsa (friend, your face shines like that of one who knows Brahman; who has taught you?)
Kathâs. 16, 9 kiṃ nāma na sahante hi bhatṛbhaktāḥ kulāṅganāḥ

4. ko ‘yamというフレーズに注意せよ。
Hit. 21 tatastamāyāntaṃ dṛṣṭvā pakṣiśāvakair bhayārtaiḥ kolāhalaḥ kṛtaḥ / tac chrutvā jaradgavenoktaṃ / ko ‘yam āyāti

5. kimは不変化辞としてもはたらきうる。412-3をみよ。

410. Rhetorical questions.

Sanskrit has a pronounced predilection for rhetorical questions (14, VI). Hence, the interrogative pronouns and adverbs are often to be translated rather freely. Here are some examples: R. 2, 44, 7 kiṃ na prāptas tavātmajaḥ = sarvaṃ prā-, Hit. 22 jātimātreṇa kiṃ kaścid vadhyate pūjyate kvacit (v. a. nobody is punished or honoured anywhere on account of his birth alone), Kathâs. 28, 10 buddhena ca parasyārthe… ātmāpi tṛṇavad dattaḥ kā varāke dhane kathā (the Buddha has given up his own self like a grass-blade for the benefit of his neighbour, how, then, can there be question about [giving up] wretched riches?). Cp. Mhbh. 1, 74, 27, Çâk. I, vs.19 etc. Cp. also atha kim = »yes,” kiṃ tu = »but” (441), kiṃ ca = »moreover” (437).

katham and kutaḥ

In a similar way katham and kutaḥ frequently precede cause, reason or motive, when expressed by a new sentence. For this reason, one may sometimes render them by »indeed.” Mudr, V, p. 157 aho vicitratāryacāṇakyanīteḥ / kutaḥ the reason is given in the strophe, which immediately follows, ibid. I, p. 29 kasya parijñāne niyukto nipuṇaka iti na jñāyate / ā jñātam / aye katham ayaṃ prakṛticittaparijñāne niyukto nipuṇaka iti.

kva ca… kva ca

Rem. The idiom kva ca… kva ca serves to denote a great discrepancy between two things. Daç. 77 kva tapaḥ kva ca ruditam (v. a. to be an ascetic and to weep are incompatible), R. 2, 106, 18 kva cāraṇyaṃ kva ca kṣāttraṃ kva jaṭāḥ kva ca pālanam, Çâk. I, kva bata hariṇakānāṃ jīvitaṃ cātilolaṃ / kva ca niśitanipātāḥ sārapuṅkhāḥ śarāste. Cp. Kathâs. 28, 6, R. 3, 9, 27 etc.

410. 修辞疑問文

サンスクリットはあきらかに修辞疑問文を好む傾向がある（14-6）。しかがって、疑問代名詞・副詞は、しばしばより自由に翻訳される。いくつか例を挙げよう：
R. 2, 44, 7 kiṃ na prāptas tavātmajaḥ = sarvaṃ prā-
Hit. 22 jātimātreṇa kiṃ kaścid vadhyate pūjyate kvacit (v. a. nobody is punished or honoured anywhere on account of his birth alone)
Kathâs. 28, 10 buddhena ca parasyārthe… ātmāpi tṛṇavad dattaḥ kā varāke dhane kathā (the Buddha has given up his own self like a grass-blade for the benefit of his neighbour, how, then, can there be question about [giving up] wretched riches?)

Mhbh. 1, 74, 27やÇâk. I, vs. 19なども参照せよ。また、atha kimが「はい」、kiṃ tuが「でも」（441）、kiṃ caが「さらに」（437）となる場合についても比較せよ。

○katham・kutaḥ

似たような仕方で、kathamとkutaḥは、新しい文で用いられる場合、原因、理由、動機の前に来ることがよくある。このため、それらは「実に」（indeed）で翻訳されることがある。例えば、次の第一の例文では、理由が直後の節に示されている。
Mudr, V, p. 157 aho vicitratāryacāṇakyanīteḥ / kutaḥ
ibid. I, p. 29 kasya parijñāne niyukto nipuṇaka iti na jñāyate / ā jñātam / aye katham ayaṃ prakṛticittaparijñāne niyukto nipuṇaka iti

○kva ca… kva ca

【補足】
kva ca… kva caのイディオムは、二者間の大きな食い違いを表す。
Daç. 77 kva tapaḥ kva ca ruditam (v. a. to be an ascetic and to weep are incompatible)
R. 2, 106, 18 kva cāraṇyaṃ kva ca kṣāttraṃ kva jaṭāḥ kva ca pālanam
Çâk. I, kva bata hariṇakānāṃ jīvitaṃ cātilolaṃ / kva ca niśitanipātāḥ sārapuṅkhāḥ śarāste

Kathâs. 28, 6やR. 3, 9, 27なども参照せよ。

411. Interrogatives and relatives in indirect questions.

In indirect questions the interrogatives are employed, but instead of them the relatives are also admissible. Kathâs. 39, 174 paśyainaṃ vañcaye katham (see, how I delude him), Panc. 55 jñāyatāṃ kim ete kañcukino vadanti (be informed of what these guards are telling). On the other hand Kathâs. 39, 87 tasyai sarvam… abravīt / yo ‘sau yannāmadheyaś ca yasya putro mahīpateḥ (he told her everything, who he was, of what name, whose king’s son), the direct question would have been kas tvaṃ kiṃ nāmadheyaś ca kasya putraḥ. Likewise Mâlat. II, p. 39 pitaiva te jānāti yo ‘sau yādṛśaś ca, R. 2, 52, 60 śṛṇu… yadarthaṃ tvāṃ preṣayāmi purīmitaḥ.

411. 間接疑問文における疑問詞と関係詞

間接疑問文では、疑問詞は用いられるが、代わりに関係詞を用いることも許される。
Kathâs. 39, 174 paśyainaṃ vañcaye katham (see, how I delude him)
Panc. 55 jñāyatāṃ kim ete kañcukino vadanti (be informed of what these guards are telling)

一方では：
Kathâs. 39, 87 tasyai sarvam… abravīt / yo ‘sau yannāmadheyaś ca yasya putro mahīpateḥ (he told her everything, who he was, of what name, whose king’s son)

直接疑問文だとこうなる：
kas tvaṃ kiṃ nāmadheyaś ca kasya putraḥ

同様に、
Mâlat. II, p. 39 pitaiva te jānāti yo ‘sau yādṛśaś ca
R. 2, 52, 60 śṛṇu… yadarthaṃ tvāṃ preṣayāmi purīmitaḥ

412. Interrogative particles.

II. In such interrogative sentences, as put the whole fact into question, interrogative particles are sometimes added, sometimes omitted. When they are omitted, the verb mostly heads the sentence. When added, it is they that are usually put at the head. The said particles are api, uta, kim and kiñcit.

a). Examples of questions without interrog. particle: Panc. 21 bho damanaka śṛṇoṣi śabdaṃ dṛrān mahān tam (say, Dam., do you hear a noise distant and great?), ibid. 326 asti tasya durātmanaḥ pratiṣedhopāyaḥ kaścit (is there any means for checking that scoundrel?), Mâlav. IX, p. 159 kathaya jīvati me priyā (say, does my sweetheart live?).

b). Examples of questions with interrog. particle:

1. api. — Panc. 35 api bhavataḥ śivam (v. a. are you in good health?), ibid. 25 api satyam (is it true?), Kathâs. 24, 208 api jānītha (do you know?), Vikram. IV, p. 142 api dṛṣtavān asi mama priyāṃ vane.

2. uta, in simple questions very rare and obsolete, it seems. Kâç. on P. 3, 3, 152 uta daṇḍaḥ patiṣyati (will the stick fall?). As to its use in alternatives see 414.

3. kim. — Daç. 170 śaknoṣi kim = Lat. potesne?

4. kañcit. — R. 1, 52, 7 kañcit te kuśalaṃ rājan… kañcit te vijitāḥ sarve ripavaḥ (are you in good health; king? … have you subdued all your enemies?), Mhbh. 1, 5, 1 purāṇam akhilaṃ tāta pitā te ‘dhītavānpurā / kañcit tvam api tatsarvam adhoṣe, cp. Nala. 4, 24, Kathâs. 75, 93 etc.

Rem. Like the other interrogatives (409, 3°) the said particles may be strengthened by adding to them some other particle as iva, vā, nu, u, nāma. Of the kind is api nāma, kiṃ nu, kiṃ nu khalu, kim iva and the like. — Çâk. I api nāma kulapater iyam asavarṇakṣetrasaṃbhavā bhavet (can she have been born to the chief of the family from a wife of a different caste?); ibid. VII kiṃ vā śakuntaletyasya mātur ākhyā (is Çak. perhaps the name of his mother?); Bhoj. 64 tataḥ kavirvyacintayat / kim u rājñā nāśrāvi (what can I see more unhappy than this?); Mhbh. 1, 151, 28 kiṃ nu duḥkhataraṃ śakyaṃ mayā draṣṭum ataḥ param; Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 kiñcit nu duḥkhair buddhis te viluptā gatavetasaḥ.

412. 疑問を表す不変化辞

II. 事実全体を質問するような疑問文では、疑問を表す不変化辞は、付加されることもあれば、省略されることもある。省略される場合、ほとんど動詞が文頭に来る。付加される場合、不変化辞が文頭に来る。上述の不変化辞はapi、uta、kim、kiñcitである。

a.) 疑問を表す不変化辞のないもの
Panc. 21 bho damanaka śṛṇoṣi śabdaṃ dṛrān mahān tam (say, Dam., do you hear a noise distant and great?)
ibid. 326 asti tasya durātmanaḥ pratiṣedhopāyaḥ kaścit (is there any means for checking that scoundrel?)
Mâlav. IX, p. 159 kathaya jīvati me priyā (say, does my sweetheart live?)

b.) 疑問を表す不変化辞のあるもの

1. api
Panc. 35 api bhavataḥ śivam (v. a. are you in good health?)
ibid. 25 api satyam (is it true?)
Kathâs. 24, 208 api jānītha (do you know?)
Vikram. IV, p. 142 api dṛṣtavān asi mama priyāṃ vane

2. uta
単純な疑問文ではかなり稀で、かつ廃れた用法のようである。
Kâç. on P. 3, 3, 152 uta daṇḍaḥ patiṣyati (will the stick fall?)

utaの新しい用法については414をみよ。

3. kim
Daç. 170 śaknoṣi kim = Lat. potesne?

4. kañcit
R. 1, 52, 7 kañcit te kuśalaṃ rājan… kañcit te vijitāḥ sarve ripavaḥ (are you in good health; king? … have you subdued all your enemies?)
Mhbh. 1, 5, 1 purāṇam akhilaṃ tāta pitā te ‘dhītavānpurā / kañcit tvam api tatsarvam adhoṣe

Nala. 4, 24、Kathâs. 75, 93なども参照せよ。

【補足】
他の疑問詞（409-3）と同様に、前述の不変化辞は、iva、vā、nu、u、nāmaのような或る他の不変化辞が付加されることによって〔意味が〕強められる。api nāma、kiṃ nu、kiṃ nu khalu、kim iva等の類である。
Çâk. I api nāma kulapater iyam asavarṇakṣetrasaṃbhavā bhavet (can she have been born to the chief of the family from a wife of a different caste?)
ibid. VII kiṃ vā śakuntaletyasya mātur ākhyā (is Çak. perhaps the name of his mother?)
Bhoj. 64 tataḥ kavirvyacintayat / kim u rājñā nāśrāvi (what can I see more unhappy than this?)
Mhbh. 1, 151, 28 kiṃ nu duḥkhataraṃ śakyaṃ mayā draṣṭum ataḥ param
Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 kiñcit nu duḥkhair buddhis te viluptā gatavetasaḥ

412*.

Many times the particle kim may be compared to Latin num, as it makes a negative answer to be expected. Kathâs. 28, 71 nirāsthenāpi kiṃ tyaktaṃ viśvāmitreṇa jīvitaṃ / menakāyāṃ prayātāyāṃ prasūyaiva śakuntalām (Lat. num Viçv. vita excessit —?), Mudr. I, p. 27 kiṃ bhavān asmadupādhyāyād api (are you even more learned than our teacher?).

412*.

不変化辞kimは、それが否定的な答えを期待するので、よくラテン語のnumと比較される。
Kathâs. 28, 71 nirāsthenāpi kiṃ tyaktaṃ viśvāmitreṇa jīvitaṃ / menakāyāṃ prayātāyāṃ prasūyaiva śakuntalām (Lat. num Viçv. vita excessit —?)
Mudr. I, p. 27 kiṃ bhavān asmadupādhyāyād api (are you even more learned than our teacher?)

413.

On the other hand, na put into the question announces an affirmative answer, like Latin nonne. It generally attends some interrogative particle, viz. api or kim, but may also be used by itself. By combining na and nu one gets nanu which is to be considered a new particle, fully answering to Lat. nonne, Greek οὐκοῦν, and which for this reason has also the force of an emphatic (396). Examples: Ch. Up. 1, 10, 4 na svid ete ‘py ucchiṣṭā iti (were not these [beans] also left [and therefore unclean]?); — R. 2, 72, 5 api nādhvaśramaḥ śīghraṃ rathenāpatatas tava (are you not tired with the long way, having driven quickly?); — Ratn. III, p. 79 kiṃ padmasya ruciṃ na hanti nayanānandraṃ vidhatte na kim [viz. vaktrendustava] (does not [the splendour of your face] outshine the brilliancy of the white lotus and does it not cause delight to the eyes?); — R. 2, 22, 22 nanu daivasya karma tat (is not that the effect of Destiny?).

Rem. Yet, na put to kañcit = kim num, since kañcit alone may be rather = nonne. R. 2, 72, 44 kañcinna brāhmaṇadhanaṃ hṛtaṃ rāmeṇa kasya cit, cp. ibid. 1, 74, 21; 2, 57, 7; Mhbh. 1, 23, 10.

413. 疑問文に付加されるna

一方で、疑問文に付加されるnaは、ラテン語のnonneと同様に、肯定的な返答を表す。これは一般にいくつかの疑問詞、すなわちapiやkimを伴うが、それ単体でも用いられうる。naとnuが合わさると、新しい不変化辞とみなされるnanuが得られる。これはラテン語のnonneや古代ギリシャ語のοὐκοῦνに対応し、そのため、強調の効果も持っている（396）。
例：
Ch. Up. 1, 10, 4 na svid ete ‘py ucchiṣṭā iti (were not these [beans] also left [and therefore unclean]?)
R. 2, 72, 5 api nādhvaśramaḥ śīghraṃ rathenāpatatas tava (are you not tired with the long way, having driven quickly?)
Ratn. III, p. 79 kiṃ padmasya ruciṃ na hanti nayanānandraṃ vidhatte na kim [viz. vaktrendustava] (does not [the splendour of your face] outshine the brilliancy of the white lotus and does it not cause delight to the eyes?)
R. 2, 22, 22 nanu daivasya karma tat (is not that the effect of Destiny?)

【補足】
けれども、kañcit単体ではむしろラテン語のnonne（＝肯定を期待する不変化辞）でありうるため、kañcitに付加されるnaはkim、つまりラテン語のnum（＝否定を期待する不変化辞）に等しい。ibid. 1, 74, 21、2, 57, 7およびMhbh. 1, 23, 10を比較せよ。

414. Disjunctive interrogations.

Disjunctive interrogations are characterized by a great variety of particles. Commonly the former member begins with kim, but there are many other combinations. Here are some instances:

1. In the former member kim, in the latter vā or kiṃ vā or athavā or una or āho or utāho. — Daç. l49 kim ayaṃ svapnaḥ kiṃ vipralambho vā (is this a vision or is it delusion?), Panc. 230 kim enam utthāya hanmy athavā helayaiva prasuptau dvāv apy etau vyāpādayāmi (shall I rise and kill him or shall I slay both of them while sleeping?), Mṛcch. III, p. 113 kiṃ lakṣyasuptam uta paramārthasuptam idaṃ dvayam (are these two men sleeping indeed, or counterfeiting sleep?), Çâk. I vaikhānasaṃ kim anayā vratam āpradānāt… niṣevitavyam / atyantam eva… āho nivatsyati samaṃ hariṇāṅganābhiḥ (must she keep the vow of chastity up to her marriage or is she to dwell with the antelopes of the hermitage for ever?). — To either member or to both another particle may be subjoined, f. i. instead of kim one may say kimu, kiṃ nu, in the second member instead of uta, āho or utāho, also kimuta, utasvit, āhosvit etc. Mṛcch. X, p. 367 kiṃ nu svargātpunaḥ prāptā… kimutānyeyam āgatā (is she come back from heaven, or is she another [Vasantasenâ]?), Panc. 202 kiṃ kenāpi pāśena baddha utāho svit kenāpi vyāpāditaḥ (has anybody caught him in a snare or baa anybody killed him?).

2. The former member contains some other particle, not kim. So f. i. nu… nu Kumâras. 1, 46 tayā gṛhītaṃ nu mṛgāṅganābhyas tato gṛhītaṃ nu mṛgāṅganābhiḥ (has she borrowed it from the antelopes, or the antelopes from her?); — kiñcit… vā Mhbh. 1, 162, 3; — uta… vā Kumâras. 4, 8; — vā… vā Pat. I, p. 6 etat prādhānyena parīkṣitaṃ nityo vā syāt kāryo veti [sc. śabdaḥ].

3. The former member is without particle. Of the kind are Panc. 294 satyo ‘yaṃ svapnaḥ kiṃ vā ‘satyo bhaviṣyati na jñāyate; Çâk. V mūḍhaḥ syām aham eṣā vā vaden mithyā (either I must be out of my wits or she must lie); Çâk. I dhāvanti vartmani taranti nu vājinaste.

Rem. If the second member is »or no,” one says na vā. Panc. 329 kiṃ pratividhānam asti na vā (is there any remedy or no?), Daç. 140 eṣa me patistavāpakartā na veti daivam eva jānāti. — »Yes or no” is vā na vā. Nala. 18, 24 nahi sa jñāyate vīro nalo jīviti vā na vā.

414. 選言否定文

選言否定文（disjunctive interrogation）は多くの種類の不変化辞によって特徴づけられる。ふつう、〔これを構成する文の〕最初のものはkimで始まるが、他にも多くの組み合わせがある。以下に例を挙げよう：

1. 前がkim、後がvā、kiṃ vā、athavā、una、āho、utāhoであるもの
Daç. l49 kim ayaṃ svapnaḥ kiṃ vipralambho vā (is this a vision or is it delusion?)
Panc. 230 kim enam utthāya hanmy athavā helayaiva prasuptau dvāv apy etau vyāpādayāmi (shall I rise and kill him or shall I slay both of them while sleeping?)
Mṛcch. III, p. 113 kiṃ lakṣyasuptam uta paramārthasuptam idaṃ dvayam (are these two men sleeping indeed, or counterfeiting sleep?)
Çâk. I vaikhānasaṃ kim anayā vratam āpradānāt… niṣevitavyam / atyantam eva… āho nivatsyati samaṃ hariṇāṅganābhiḥ (must she keep the vow of chastity up to her marriage or is she to dwell with the antelopes of the hermitage for ever?)

〔選言否定を構成する〕要素のどちらか、あるいはその両方に別の不変化辞が付加される場合、例えば、kimの代わりにkim u、kiṃ nu、2つ目の要素だとutaの代わりにāhoやutāho、またkimuta、utasvit、āhosvitなどとなる。
Mṛcch. X, p. 367 kiṃ nu svargātpunaḥ prāptā… kimutānyeyam āgatā (is she come back from heaven, or is she another [Vasantasenâ]?)
Panc. 202 kiṃ kenāpi pāśena baddha utāho svit kenāpi vyāpāditaḥ (has anybody caught him in a snare or baa anybody killed him?)

2. 前分がkimでない別の不変化辞をもつ場合
・nu… nu
Kumâras. 1, 46 tayā gṛhītaṃ nu mṛgāṅganābhyas tato gṛhītaṃ nu mṛgāṅganābhiḥ (has she borrowed it from the antelopes, or the antelopes from her?)

・kiñcit… vā
Mhbh. 1, 162, 3

・uta… vā
Kumâras. 4, 8

・vā… vā
Pat. I, p. 6 etat prādhānyena parīkṣitaṃ nityo vā syāt kāryo veti [sc. śabdaḥ]

3. 前分に不変化辞がない場合
Panc. 294 satyo ‘yaṃ svapnaḥ kiṃ vā ‘satyo bhaviṣyati na jñāyate
Çâk. V mūḍhaḥ syām aham eṣā vā vaden mithyā (either I must be out of my wits or she must lie)
Çâk. I dhāvanti vartmani taranti nu vājinaste

【補足】
2番目の要素が「あるいは…でないのか？」（or no）である場合、na vāとなる。
Panc. 329 kiṃ pratividhānam asti na vā (is there any remedy or no?)
Daç. 140 eṣa me patistavāpakartā na veti daivam eva jānāti

「イエスかノーか」（yes or no）はvā na vā。
Nala. 18, 24 nahi sa jñāyate vīro nalo jīviti vā na vā

415.

Disjunctive interrogations of three or more members of course show a still greater variety of interrogative particles. Kumâras. 6, 23 kiṃ yena sṛjasi vyaktamuta yena bibharṣi tat / atha viśvasya saṃhartā bhāgaḥ katama eṣa te (v. a. are you Brahmâ, Vishṇu or Çiva?); Panc. 332 kiṃ mama vadhopāyakramaḥ kubjasya votāho anyasya vā kasyacit (is it I, against whom the plot is laid or is it the hunchback or anybody else?); Daç. 89 kiṃ vilāsāt kim abhilāṣāt kim akasmādeva na jāne; Çâk. VI svapno nu māyā nu matibhramo nu ki (was it a dream or a delusion or perplexity of mind or was indeed the store of my good works exhausted?); Panc. 177 kiṃ siṃhādibhiḥ kvāpi vyāpādita uta lubdhakair athavā ‘nale prapatito gartāviṣame vā navatṛṇalaulyāt; Kathâs. 72, 185; Pat. I, p. 5, l. 14 kim… āhosvit… āhosvit, Panc. 48, l. 19; etc. etc.

415. 3つ以上の要素をもつ選言疑問文

もちろん、3つ以上の要素をもつ選言疑問文は、さらに多様な疑問の不変化辞を呈する。
Kumâras. 6, 23 kiṃ yena sṛjasi vyaktamuta yena bibharṣi tat / atha viśvasya saṃhartā bhāgaḥ katama eṣa te (v. a. are you Brahmâ, Vishṇu or Çiva?)
Panc. 332 kiṃ mama vadhopāyakramaḥ kubjasya votāho anyasya vā kasyacit (is it I, against whom the plot is laid or is it the hunchback or anybody else?)
Daç. 89 kiṃ vilāsāt kim abhilāṣāt kim akasmādeva na jāne
Çâk. VI svapno nu māyā nu matibhramo nu ki (was it a dream or a delusion or perplexity of mind or was indeed the store of my good works exhausted?)
Panc. 177 kiṃ siṃhādibhiḥ kvāpi vyāpādita uta lubdhakair athavā ‘nale prapatito gartāviṣame vā navatṛṇalaulyāt
Kathâs. 72, 185
Pat. I, p. 5, l. 14 kim… āhosvit… āhosvit
Panc. 48, l. 19

などなど。