449.

When subordinating some fact or action to some other one, there are two different manners for bringing this relation to grammatical expression, either by synthesis or by analysis. The synthetic expression takes up the clauses into the frame of the chief sentence, while denoting them by verbal nouns or nominal forms of the verb, as participles, gerunds, infinitives and the like. Then, the sentence contains but one finite verb significative of the principal action, the other actions appearing in the shape of nouns and nominal forms which by their noun-cases and modalities are to represent the relations existing between the main action and the secondary ones. By the analytic structure, on the contrary, both the principal and the subordinate fact are evolved into full sentences, either of them containing its finite verb. Then, the clause is marked by a relative, which by its form or its referring to some demonstrative, or even by the place occupied by it, points out the chief sentence on which it depends. A relative sentence by itself is nonsense, it demands some main sentence to depend upon, of which it is logically but a detached link.

Exactly speaking, it is the analytic expression alone that constitutes subordination of sentences. The synthetical expression of clauses does not create new sentences. For this reason, the participles etc. are no subject-matter of this chapter, and have been dealt with in Section IV.

In Sanskrit both modes have been used from time immemorial. We have no evidence to decide which may be the oldest. For the rest, the relative system stands to participles, infinitives etc., almost as prepositions to noun-cases, as auxiliaries to verbal flection.

449. 従属の2つの方法

何らかの事実や行為を他のものに従属させる場合、この関係を文法表現にもたらすには、統合（synthesis）または分析（analysis）のいずれかによる2つの異なる方法がある。統合的表現は、主文の枠内に節（clause）を継ぎ合わせ、動詞的名詞や動詞の名詞形（分詞、動名詞、不定詞等）を用いてそれらの句を表す。そして、文は、主となる行為を指示する1つの定動詞のみを含み、他の行為は、名詞や、それらの格（noun-case）と法性（modality）によって主行為と副行為の間の関係を代理するところの名詞句の諸形態で現れる。反対に、分析的構文に関しては、主要な事実と従属する事実は共に、どちらかの定動詞を含む完全な文へと展開する。そしてその節は関係詞によってマークされており、その形態や何らかの指示代名詞への参照によって、あるいはそれが占める場所によって、その節が依る主文を指示する。関係文それ自体はナンセンスであり、何らかの係る主文を要するが、論理的には繋がりはない。

正確に言えば、文の従属（subordination of sentences）を構成するのは分析的表現のみである。節の統合的表現は新しい文章を作らない。このため、分詞等はこの章の主題ではなく、第4部で扱ったのである。

サンスクリットにおいて、どちらの仕方も古くから用いられてきた。我々にはどちらが最古かを決める証拠はない。その他、関係文の組織は、分詞や不定詞などに対して、ほとんど名詞格に対する前置詞として、また動詞の助動詞として、機能している。

450.

Sometimes the logical equivalence of a gerund, a participle etc. to the protasis of a period is grammatically expressed by a subsequent atha or tataḥ. Ch. Up. 6, 13, 1 lavaṇam etadudake ‘vadhāyātha mā prātar upasīdathāḥ (v. a. place this salt in water, and then wait on me in the morning), Kathâs. 13, 144 sāpi pravrājikā tasmād vaṇikaputracatuṣṭayāt… ādāyaikam athāyayau, Nala. 5, 10 tān samīkṣya… atha vaidarbhī nābhyajānān nalaṃ nṛpam (as Damayantî contemplated them, she did not recognize king Nala), ibid. 2, 14 tāvarcayitvā maghavā tataḥ kuśalam avyayaṃ / papracchānām ayaṃ cāpi tayoḥ, M. 11, 91 tayā svakāye nirdagdhe mucyate kilviṣāt tataḥ (by this [penance] such a one, when his body is wholly burnt, is then released from sin).

450.

掉尾文の条件節に対する遊離分詞や分詞等の論理的同等は、後続するathaやtataḥによって文法的に表現される。
Ch. Up. 6, 13, 1 lavaṇam etad udake ‘vadhāyātha mā prātar upasīdathāḥ (v. a. place this salt in water, and then wait on me in the morning)
Kathâs. 13, 144 sāpi pravrājikā tasmād vaṇikaputracatuṣṭayāt… ādāyaikam athāyayau
Nala. 5, 10 tān samīkṣya… atha vaidarbhī nābhyajānān nalaṃ nṛpam (as Damayantî contemplated them, she did not recognize king Nala)
ibid. 2, 14 tāvarcayitvā maghavā tataḥ kuśalam avyayaṃ / papracchānām ayaṃ cāpi tayoḥ
M. 11, 91 tayā svakāye nirdagdhe mucyate kilviṣāt tataḥ (by this [penance] such a one, when his body is wholly burnt, is then released from sin)

451. The relative system.

Subordinate sentences, then, are characterized by relatives. By this name I designate the pronoun ya with all its derivatives, whether they may be called pronouns as yaḥ (who), yāvat (Lat. quantus), yādṛśaḥ (Lat. qualis), or pronominal adverbs as yataḥ (whence), yatra (where), yathā (as), and conjunctions as yadi (if). They have in common the property of referring to some demonstrative, either expressed or implied in the main sentence. Such a couple of relative and demonstrative, standing one in the clause the other in the main sentence, may be compared to a system of hook and eye holding together two different parts of a piece of cloth. Of the kind are yaḥ… sa, yādṛśaḥ… tādṛśaḥ, yatra… tatra, yadā… tadā, yadi… tataḥ or tadā or atha etc.

451. 関係文組織

そして、従属文は関係詞（relative）によって特徴づけられる。この名前によって、yaḥ（who）、yāvat（Lat. quantus）、yādṛśaḥ（Lat. qualis）のような代名詞や、yataḥ（whence）、yatra（where）、yathā（as）のような代名詞的副詞、そしてyadi（if）のような接続詞を問わず、代名詞yaとそのすべての派生語を指示する。これらは共通して、主文で明示なり暗示なりされているかを問わず、何らかの実名詞を参照する特性をもつ。一方が節に、もう一方が主文にある、関係詞と実名詞のこのような組み合わせは、2つの布の切れ端を留めるフックと留穴のシステムに比較できよう。この類はyaḥ… sa、yādṛśaḥ… tādṛśaḥ、yatra… tatra、yadā… tadā、yadi… tataḥ / tadā atha等である。

452.

From observing the practice of Sanskrit authors the following general rules about the relative sentences may be laid down.

Its propaties.

1. The demonstrative is chiefly the pronoun sa, sā, tat and its derivatives, as tatra, tathā, tadā, tataḥ. Yet, it must be kept in mind that relative adverbs do not necessarily require demonstrative adverbs of the same category; in other terms, one is not compelled to use the type yataḥ… tataḥ, yatra… tatra alone, but sometimes some other demonstrative, f. i. a noun-case of the pronoun may answer to the relative adverb, as yatra tvam avasaḥ sa deśo ramaṇoyaḥ (it is a charming country where you dwelled).

2. Sanskrit likes to put the relative sentence first. In this case we have a period consisting of a protasis or former member, which is the relative sentence, and an apodosis or latter member, the principal sentence. This order is the regular one and much more used than inserting the relative sentence in the main one, as is generally done in modern European tongues. The demonstr. is commonly expressed, sometimes it is understood.

Examples : Panc. II, 20 yasmāc ca yena ca yadā ca yathā ca yac ca yāvac ca yatra ca śubhāśubham ātmakarma / tasmāc ca tena ca tadā ca tathā ca tac ca tāvac ca tatra ca vidhātṛvaśādupaiti (good and evil works of. the individual are so requited by the Divine Power as to reach [the performer] by the same cause, by the same agent, at the same time, in the same way, at the same spot, and to be of the same quality and quantity), M. 1, 42 yeṣāṃ tu yādṛśaṃ karma bhūtānāmiha kīrtitaṃ / tat tayā vo ‘bhidhāsyāmi (now, what duties are assigned to the different beings in this world, I will tell you), Utt. III, p. 42 yatra drumā api mṛgā api bandhavo me / yāni priyāsahacaraś ciram adhyavātsam / etāni tāni bahunirpharakandarāṇi / godāvarīparisarasya girestaṭāni, Panc. 48 tad asya yad yujyate tat kriyatām (do to him that which is fit to be done).

Sometimes, however, the relative sentence follows after the principal one. In this case, the demonstrative is often omitted. Mṛcch. I, p. 19 etat tu māṃ dahati yadgṛham asmadīyaṃ / kṣīṇārthamityatithayaḥ parivarjayanti (this ails me, that —), Nala. 2, 25 sarve [sc. lokapālāḥ]… vidarbhān abhijagmus te yataḥ sarve mahokṣitaḥ (all of them went to Vidarbha, whither all princes were on their way).

3. Like the interrogative (280), the relative may be part of a compound. Mṛcch. III, p. 111 yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ = yasya vismayaṃ-, Ch. Up. 4, 4, 2 sāham etan na veda yadgotras tvam asi (I do not know of what gotra you are), Ven. II, p. 44 tadādeśaya tam uddeśaṃ yatrasthā bhānumatī.

4. Nothing prevents the relative depending on a gerund, participle or absolute case. Ch. Up. 5, 1, 7 te ha prāṇāḥ prajāpatiṃ pitaram etyocur bhagavan ko naḥ śreṣṭha iti / tānhovāca yasminva utkrānte śarīraṃ pāpiṣṭhataramiva dṛśyeta sa vaḥ śreṣṭha iti (the [five] senses went to their father Prajâpati and said: »Sir, who is the beet of us?” He replied: »he by whose departure the body seems worse than worst, he is the beet of you”), Bhoj. 26 nagaraṃ vilokya kamapi mūrkhamamātyo nāpaśyadyaṃ nirasya viduṣe gṛhaṃ dīyate (the minister looked about the town, but did not find any illiterate person to expel from his house, in order to give it to a man of learning). — Kumâras. 1, 3 the pronoun yasya is to be construed with the former part of a tatpurusha yasya himaṃ na saubhāgyavilopi jātam (v. a. whose happiness [of Himavân] is not disturbed by the snow), Mṛcch. III, p. 111 the thief speaks: tatkasmindeśe darśayāmyātmaśilpaṃ / dṛṣṭvā śvo yaṃ yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ (on what spot, then, shall I show my skill, which the citizens will admire to-morrow when looking at it?).

5. In prose, the relative is, as a rule, the first word of the relative sentence. Panc. 53 yatra kanyāntaḥpure vāyuṃ muktvā nānyasya praveśo ‘sti tatra-, ibid. 62 yaiḥ sahāhaṃ vṛddhiṃ gataḥ sadaiva krīḍitaś caite- (they, with whom I always stayed, with whom I grew up and played —). In poetry it may be put anywhere. Varâh. Brh. 32, 4 the Earth says to the Creator bhagavan nāma mamaitat tvāyā kṛtaṃ yadacaleti tan na tathā (o Lord, the name of firmness which thou hast bestowed upon me, is vain). The çlokas I, 54-63 of the Pancatantra, which have been quoted for a different purpose on page 266 of this book, may also give some illustration of the poetical license in putting the relative; in one çloka (vs. 62) the relative heads the sentence, in two it is wanting, the seven others exhibit the utmost variety. (*1) Panc. I, 414 the relative sentence runs thus: narādhipā nīcajanānuvartino budhopadiṣṭena pathā na yānti ye. R. 2, 28, 26 we have this order vanaṃ tu netuṃ na kṛtā matiryadā babhūva rāmeṇa tadā mahātmanā / na tasya sītā vacanaṃ cakāra instead of yadā tu rāmeṇa vanaṃ netuṃ matirna kṛtā tadā sītā tasya vacanaṃ na cakāra. Cp. f. i. Kathâs. 29, 183.

(*1)
vs.54. -karoti nirvikalpaṃ yaḥ sa bhaved rājavallabhaḥ
55. prabhuprasādajaṃ vittaṃ supātre yo niyojayet… sa-
56. antaḥpuracaraiḥ sārdhaṃ yo na mantraṃ samācaret… sa-
57. dyūtaṃ yo yamadṛtābhaṃ… paśyet… sa-

452. 関係文の一般則

サンスクリットの著述家たちの実践を観察するに、関係文に関して次の一般則が定められる。

○その特性

1. 指示代名詞は主に代名詞sa、sā、tatとその派生語tatra、tathā、tadā、tataḥである。けれども、関係副詞は必ずしも同じカテゴリの指示副詞を要しないことに留意せねばならない；換言すると、yataḥ… tataḥやyatra… tatraの類のみを使用する必要はないが、なにか他の指示代名詞、例せば代名詞の名詞格が関係副詞に対応することがある。

2. サンスクリットは関係文を先に置く傾向がある。この場合、前提節（protasis）＝関係文の前分と、帰結節（apodosis）＝関係文の後分すなわち主文と、から成る掉尾文となる。この語順が通常のもので、現代のヨーロッパの諸言語で一般的に行われているような主文に関係文を挿入する仕方よりもはるかに多く用いられる。指示代名詞は一般的に〔明示的に〕表現されるが、それが〔補って〕解釈されることもある。

例：
Panc. II, 20 yasmāc ca yena ca yadā ca yathā ca yac ca yāvac ca yatra ca śubhāśubham ātmakarma / tasmāc ca tena ca tadā ca tathā ca tac ca tāvac ca tatra ca vidhātṛvaśādupaiti (good and evil works of. the individual are so requited by the Divine Power as to reach [the performer] by the same cause, by the same agent, at the same time, in the same way, at the same spot, and to be of the same quality and quantity)
M. 1, 42 yeṣāṃ tu yādṛśaṃ karma bhūtānāmiha kīrtitaṃ / tat tayā vo ‘bhidhāsyāmi (now, what duties are assigned to the different beings in this world, I will tell you)
Utt. III, p. 42 yatra drumā api mṛgā api bandhavo me / yāni priyāsahacaraś ciram adhyavātsam / etāni tāni bahunirpharakandarāṇi / godāvarīparisarasya girestaṭāni
Panc. 48 tad asya yad yujyate tat kriyatām (do to him that which is fit to be done)

ただし、関係文が主文の後に続くこともある。この場合、指示代名詞はしばしば省略される。
Mṛcch. I, p. 19 etat tu māṃ dahati yadgṛham asmadīyaṃ / kṣīṇārtham ity atithayaḥ parivarjayanti (this ails me, that —)
Nala. 2, 25 sarve [sc. lokapālāḥ]… vidarbhān abhijagmuste yataḥ sarve mahokṣitaḥ (all of them went to Vidarbha, whither all princes were on their way)

3. 疑問詞（280）と同様に、関係詞は複合語の一部となりうる。
Mṛcch. III, p. 111 yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ = yasya vismayaṃ-
Ch. Up. 4, 4, 2 sāham etan na veda yadgotras tvam asi (I do not know of what gotra you are)
Ven. II, p. 44 tadādeśaya tam uddeśaṃ yatrasthā bhānumatī

4. 関係詞が動名詞・分詞・絶対-格に係ることも可能である。
Ch. Up. 5, 1, 7 te ha prāṇāḥ prajāpatiṃ pitaram etyocur bhagavan ko naḥ śreṣṭha iti / tān hovāca yasmin va utkrānte śarīraṃ pāpiṣṭhataram iva dṛśyeta sa vaḥ śreṣṭha iti (the [five] senses went to their father Prajâpati and said: »Sir, who is the beet of us?’’ He replied: »he by whose departure the body seems worse than worst, he is the beet of you’’)
Bhoj. 26 nagaraṃ vilokya kam api mūrkham amātyo nāpaśyad yaṃ nirasya viduṣe gṛhaṃ dīyate (the minister looked about the town, but did not find any illiterate person to expel from his house, in order to give it to a man of learning)
Kumâras. 1, 3 the pronoun yasya is to be construed with the former part of a tatpurusha yasya himaṃ na saubhāgyavilopi jātam (v. a. whose happiness [of Himavân] is not disturbed by the snow)
Mṛcch. III, p. 111 the thief speaks: tatkasmindeśe darśayāmy ātmaśilpaṃ / dṛṣṭvā śvo yaṃ yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ (on what spot, then, shall I show my skill, which the citizens will admire to-morrow when looking at it?)

5. 散文では、関係詞は、原則として関係文の先頭に来る。
Panc. 53 yatra kanyāntaḥpure vāyuṃ muktvā nānyasya praveśo ‘sti tatra-
ibid. 62 yaiḥ sahāhaṃ vṛddhiṃ gataḥ sadaiva krīḍitaś caite- (they, with whom I always stayed, with whom I grew up and played —)

詩文ではどこにでも置かれうる。
Varâh. Brh. 32, 4 the Earth says to the Creator bhagavan nāma mamaitat tvāyā kṛtaṃ yadacaleti tan na tathā (o Lord, the name of firmness which thou hast bestowed upon me, is vain)

本書の266ページ（344-注1）に別の目的で引用したPañcatantraのśloka I, 54-63は、関係詞を置く際の詩的な破格の例証をいくつかもたらす；1つのśloka（vs. 62）では関係詞は文頭に来、2つの文では欠落し、他の7つの文は極度の多様性を見せている（*1）。
Panc. I, 414 the relative sentence runs thus: narādhipā nīcajanānuvartino budhopadiṣṭena pathā na yānti ye
R. 2, 28, 26 we have this order vanaṃ tu netuṃ na kṛtā matiryadā babhūva rāmeṇa tadā mahātmanā / na tasya sītā vacanaṃ cakāra instead or yadā tu rāmeṇa vanaṃ netuṃ matirna kṛtā tadā sītā tasya vacanaṃ na cakāra
Cp. f. i. Kathâs. 29, 183.

（*1）
vs.54. -karoti nirvikalpaṃ yaḥ sa bhaved rājavallabhaḥ
55. prabhuprasādajaṃ vittaṃ supātre yo niyojayet… sa-
56. antaḥpuracaraiḥ sārdhaṃ yo na mantraṃ samācaret… sa-
57. dyūtaṃ yo yamadṛtābhaṃ… paśyet… sa-

453.

As the demonstrative sa may have a general meaning (276), ya may have it likewise and of course also the derivatives of both. Accordingly yaḥ… sa is not seldom = „who or whosoever… [he].” There are, however, various ways for emphasizing the generality of import, which are mentioned above (287). (*1)

(*1)
To the instances given 287 I add Panc. I, 389 yena kenāpy upāyena… uddhared dīnam ātmānam, cp. the note on p. 215.

453. 一般命題を表すsa / ya

指示代名詞に関して、saは概括的な意味をもつ（276）。yaはそれと同様の意味をもつ。もちろんのこと、これらの派生語も同様である。したがってyaḥ… sa（…である者は誰でも）は稀ではない。ただし、上述したように（287）、意味するところのものの一般性を強調するための様々な仕方がある（*1）。

（*1）
287で提示した用例に以下を加えておく：
Panc. I, 389 yena kenāpy upāyena… uddhared dīnam ātmānam

287の注釈を参照せよ。

454.

In general propositions, the relative sentence is not rarely characterized by two or more different relatives placed close together. When translating them, all of them, or at least all but one, become indefinites or must be rendered in some different way. Panc. V, 9 yasya yadā vibhavaḥ syāt tasya tadā dāsatāṃ yānti (if a person is wealthy for some time, they become his servants for so long), M. 7, 96 yo yaj jayati tasya tat (that which one captures, is one’s own), Pat. I, p. 123 gāvo divasaṃ caritavatyo yo yasyāḥ prasavo bhavati tena saha śerate (the cows when having grazed by day-time, lie during the night each with her own calf), Panc. 1. 48 yo na vetti guṇānyasya na taṃ seveta paṇḍitaḥ (a wise man must not attend on such a one, as does not know his qualities), Hit. 106 yo yatra kuśalaḥ kārye taṃ tatra viniyojayet.

454. 一般命題の翻訳

一般命題では、関係文はしばしば、互いに近くに位置する2つ以上の別の関係詞によって特徴づけられる。〔英語に〕翻訳する場合、それら関係詞すべて、あるいは少なくとも1つが、不定代名詞になるか別の仕方で翻訳される。
Panc. V, 9 yasya yadā vibhavaḥ syāt tasya tadā dāsatāṃ yānti (if a person is wealthy for some time, they become his servants for so long)
M. 7, 96 yo yaj jayati tasya tat (that which one captures, is one’s own)
Pat. I, p. 123 gāvo divasaṃ caritavatyo yo yasyāḥ prasavo bhavati tena saha śerate (the cows when having grazed by day-time, lie during the night each with her own calf)
Panc. 1. 48 yo na vetti guṇān yasya na taṃ seveta paṇḍitaḥ (a wise man must not attend on such a one, as does not know his qualities)
Hit. 106 yo yatra kuśalaḥ kārye taṃ tatra viniyojayet