455. Precedence of the relative pronoun.

The general rules laid down in 453 for all kinds of relative sentences are especially applicable to those whose relative is the pronoun ya itself. It is, therefore, regular to make the relative precede. In Sanskrit, as a rule, it is not the demonstrative which is the antecedent of the relative, but inversely. Panc. 319 meṣa] eko… mahānase praviśya yatpaśyati tatsarvaṃ bhakṣayati / te ca sūpakārā yatkiṃcitpātraṃ paśyanti tenāśu tāḍayanti, Mudr. V, p. 180 ya āryas taṃ pṛccha vayam idānīm anāryāḥ saṃvṛttāḥ (ask one who is a honourable man, not me who have now turned dishonest), Bhoj. 9 ye mayā niyamā upavāsāś ca tvatkṛte kṛtāste ‘dya me viphalā jātāḥ (the penances and fasts which I have performed in your behalf, have now proved fruitless).

This precedence is, indeed, but the consequence of the entire employment of relative pronouns in Sanskrit composition. They are not used, as in many other languages, where the relative sentence may be a concurrent idiom of participles and adjectives and a means for paraphrasing. But in Sanskrit only such attributes as are of importance to the understanding of the main sentence, are fit for analytical expression by means of relative sentences. (*1)

(*1)
de Saussure de l’emploi du genitif absolu, p. 38: »la proposition relative, en effet, contient toujours en sanscrit une donnée importante, et modifie foncièrement la portée de la proposition principale.”

455. 関係代名詞の先行

453で規定されているあらゆるの種類の関係文についての一般則は、とりわけ、関係詞が代名詞yaそのものであるものに適用しうる。したがって、関係詞が先行することがふつうである。サンスクリットでは、原則として、指示代名詞は関係詞に先行せず、それとは逆である。
Panc. 319 meṣa] eko… mahānase praviśya yatpaśyati tatsarvaṃ bhakṣayati / te ca sūpakārā yatkiṃcitpātraṃ paśyanti tenāśu tāḍayanti
Mudr. V, p. 180 ya āryas taṃ pṛccha vayam idānīm anāryāḥ saṃvṛttāḥ (ask one who is a honourable man, not me who have now turned dishonest)
Bhoj. 9 ye mayā niyamā upavāsāś ca tvatkṛte kṛtāste ‘dya me viphalā jātāḥ (the penances and fasts which I have performed in your behalf, have now proved fruitless)

実にこの優先順位は、サンスクリットの作文法における関係代名詞の全体的な用法の帰結である。これらは他の多くの言語のようには、すなわち、関係文が分詞・形容詞と同じはたらきをするイディオムになったり、言い換えの一手段になったりするようには用いられない。けれども、サンスクリットでは、主文の理解に重要な形容詞のみが、関係文による分析的な表現に適している（*1）。

（*1）
de Saussure de l’emploi du genitif absolu, p. 38:
»la proposition relative, en effet, contient toujours en sanscrit une donnée importante, et modifie foncièrement la portée de la proposition principale.”
「実際、関係文は、サンスクリットにおける重要な情報を常に含んでおり、主文の〔意味する〕範囲を根底から限定する」

456.

Sometimes the relative protasis + demonstrative apodosis, even serves the purpose of emphasizing a simple sentence. In this case, the relative sentence is but the paraphrase of the main subject. Instead of so ‘śvo me mṛtaḥ (my horse has died) it may be said yo me ‘śvaḥ sa mṛtaḥ. This periphrastic idiom is especially employed in giving definitions, and in general, if the chief predicate is nominal, it is a fit means for distinguishing the subject from the predicate by pointing out the former as something already known. The archaic monuments offer plenty of instances of this idiom. In classic literature, though far less common, it is however not wanting. Examples: a.) from archaic texts. Ch. Up. 1, 3, 3 yaḥ prāṇāpānayoḥ saṃdhiḥ sa vyāno yo vyānaḥ sā vāk. Çat. Br. 14, 7, 1, 33 atha ye śataṃ manuṣyāṇāmānandāḥ sa ekaḥ pitṝṇāṃ jitalokānāmānandaḥ, Muir O. S. T. I, p. 46 translates this passage thus: »now a hundred pleasures of men are one pleasure of the Pitris who have conquered the worlds.” Mhbh. I, Paushyap. Uttanka asks his teacher about some strange apparitions he has come across, while executing the orders of his teacher. The other answers ye te striyo dhātā vidhātā ca (the two women [you have seen] were the Dhâtṛ and iho Vidhâtṛ) ye ca te kṛṣṇāḥ sitāstantavaste rātryahanī (and the black and the white threads [they were weaving] were day and night) and so on: yaḥ puruṣaḥ sa parjanyaḥ / yo ‘śvaḥ so ‘gniḥ / ya ṛṣabhaḥ… sa airāvato nāgarāṭ / yaścainam adhirūḍhaḥ puruṣaḥ sa cendraḥ; — b.) from classic literature. Panc. 62 atra punaḥ sarasi ye jalacarāste niścintāḥ santi (but in this lake the aquatic animals are brainless), Mudr. V, p. 172 yat tad alaṅkaraṇatrayaṃ krītaṃ tan madhyādekaṃ dīyatām (give me one of these very three ornaments you have bought).

456. 強調のための関係文

〈関係〔詞の導く〕前提節＋指示〔代名詞の導く〕帰結節〉は、単純な文を強調する目的を果たすこともある。この場合、関係文は主文の主語の言い換えでしかない。so ‘śvo me mṛtaḥ（私の馬が死んでしまった）の代わりにyo me ‘śvaḥ sa mṛtaḥとなる具合である。この言い換えのidiomは特に定義を与える際に用いられる。また一般に、主文の述語が名詞形である場合には、主語を既知のものとして指示することによって、主語と述語を区別するための適切な手段でもある。古代の碑文がこのidiomの豊富な用例を提供してくれる。古典サンスクリット文学では、〔用例自体は〕あまり一般的ではないが、〔idiomそのものが〕欠落しているわけではない。
Ch. Up. 1, 3, 3 yaḥ prāṇāpānayoḥ saṃdhiḥ sa vyāno yo vyānaḥ sā vāk
Çat. Br. 14, 7, 1, 33 atha ye śataṃ manuṣyāṇām ānandāḥ sa ekaḥ pitṝṇāṃ jitalokānām ānandaḥ
Muir O. S. T. I, p. 46 translates this passage thus: »now a hundred pleasures of men are one pleasure of the Pitris who have conquered the worlds.’’
Mhbh. I, Paushyap. Uttanka asks his teacher about some strange apparitions he has come across, while executing the orders of his teacher. The other answers ye te striyo dhātā vidhātā ca (the two women [you have seen] were the Dhâtṛ and iho Vidhâtṛ) ye ca te kṛṣṇāḥ sitāstantavaste rātryahanī (and the black and the white threads [they were weaving] were day and night) and so on: yaḥ puruṣaḥ sa parjanyaḥ / yo ‘śvaḥ so ‘gniḥ / ya ṛṣabhaḥ… sa airāvato nāgarāṭ / yaścainam adhirūḍhaḥ puruṣaḥ sa cendraḥ

— b.) 古典サンスクリットより
Panc. 62 atra punaḥ sarasi ye jalacarāste niścintāḥ santi (but in this lake the aquatic animals are brainless)
Mudr. V, p. 172 yat tad alaṅkaraṇatrayaṃ krītaṃ tan madhyādekaṃ dīyatām (give me one of these very three ornaments you have bought)

457. Inverted order.

If the relative sentence follows, the inverted order may be accounted for by some special reason. Mṛcch. IV, p. 138 apaṇḍitāste puruṣā matā me ye strīṣu ca śrīṣu ca viśvasanti (I hold those unwise, who rely on women and fortune), here the stress laid on the predicate apaNDitAH has caused the chief sentence to be placed before. Likewise Kumâras. 2, 51 the gods entreat Brahmâ tad icchāmo vibho straṣṭuṃ senānyaṃ tasya (sc. tārakasya) śāntaye… goptāraṃ sarvasainyānāṃ yaṃ puraskṛtya gotrabhit / pratyāneṣyati śatrubhyo vandīmiva jayaśriyam. The opening-line of the Kumârasambhava is asty uttarasyāṃ diśi devatātmā himālayo nāma nagādhirājaḥ etc., the glory and the magnificence of Himavân are extolled in the following sixteen çlokas (1, 2-17) each of them adding a new ornament to his splendour. In all of them it is the relative alone, which connects the different links of the eulogy, referring as it does to the preceding himālayaḥ of the chief sentence in çl. 1. And so often, if somebody or something is characterized by a series of clauses, the relative sentences follow after the main sentence. In the last instances quoted the demonstrative in the main sentence is wanting and it is the noun alone that does duty as what we are wont to call the relative’s antecedent. Sometimes, however, it may happen that there is no other antecedent to be supplied than just the wanting demonstr. R. 3, 19, 7 na hi paśyāmyihaṃ loke yaḥ kuryān mama vipriyam (I am not aware of [anybody] in the world, who can do evil to me).

457. 語順の逆転

関係文が後に続く場合、その語順の逆転は何らかの特別な理由によって説明される。
Mṛcch. IV, p. 138 apaṇḍitāste puruṣā matā me ye strīṣu ca śrīṣu ca viśvasanti (I hold those unwise, who rely on women and fortune)

ここでは、述語apaṇḍitāḥが強調されたことによって、主文が前に置かれている。同様に：
Kumâras. 2, 51 the gods entreat Brahmâ tadicchāmo vibho straṣṭuṃ senānyaṃ tasya (sc. tārakasya) śāntaye… goptāraṃ sarvasainyānāṃ yaṃ puraskṛtya gotrabhit / pratyāneṣyati śatrubhyo vandīm iva jayaśriyam

Kumârasambhavaの冒頭：asty uttarasyāṃ diśi devatātmā himālayo nāma nagādhirājaḥなど、Himavānの栄光と荘厳は、続く16のśloka（1, 2-17）で称賛され、それぞれ彼の輝きに対し新しい装飾が追加される。それらすべてにおいて、śloka 1における先述の主文のhimālayaḥを指示するような、賛辞のさまざまな繋がりを接続するのは関係詞のみである。また、人や物が一連の節で特徴づけられる場合、関係文が主文の後に続くことがよくある。引用された最後の例では、主文の指示代名詞が欠落しており、関係詞の先行詞と呼ぶに相応しい役割を果たすのは名詞だけである。しかし、欠落している指示代名詞以外には与えられるべき先行詞がないこともある。
R. 3, 19, 7 na hi paśyāmy ahaṃ loke yaḥ kuryān mama vipriyam (I am not aware of [anybody] in the world, who can do evil to me)

458. The relative pronoun may have a causal character etc.; yaḥ „that he.”

The relative pronoun must follow the main sentence, if it introduces a cause o a special character, especially a causal one, yet it may also import a consequence, a disposition, or even a purpose. In other terms, the relative pronoun is sometimes used, where one would expect a relative adverb or conjunction, yaḥ being almost = yat sa (that he) or = yathā sa (in order that he), or = yādṛśaḥ (such as to —). Cp. Lat. qui = quum is and qui = ut is.

a.) The relative clause implies a cause, motive or reason. So especially after such verbs and nouns as signify a disposition either glad or sad, either benevolent or malevolent, either content or discontent, and the like. Panc. 250 bhāgyavāms tvam evāsi yasyārabdhaṃ sarvameva saṃsidhyati (you are fortunate, indeed, for whatever you undertake succeeds), Daç. 90 saiva dhanyā gaṇikādārikā yāmevaṃ bhavanmano ‘bhiniviśate (she is to be congratulated that it is she, who is the object of your love), Çâk. I aho asādhudarśī tatrabhavānkaṇvo ya imāṃ valkaladhāraṇe niyuṅkte (it is ill-judged of the Reverend Kaṇva to order her —), Panc. 55 tasya kṛtāntaḥ kupito yenaitad evaṃ kriyate, Daç. aham eva bhūḍho mūḍho ‘parāddho yastava… samādiṣṭavānvadham.

Rem. Note the idiom yo ‘ham, yas tvam in such causal clauses. R. 2, 59, 32 aśobhanaṃ yo ‘hamihādya rāghavaṃ didṛkṣamāṇo na labhe salakṣmaṇam (it is a pity that I do not find Rama and Laxmaṇa), Mṛcch. III, p. 125 nāhaṃ daridraḥ / yasya mama vibhavānugatā bhāryā sukhaduḥkhasuhṛ (I am not poor, since I have —), R. 2, 44, 26 nārhā tvaṃ śocituṃ devi yasyāste rāghavaḥ sutaḥ. Likewise ya eṣa. Çâk. VII aye seyamatrabhavatī śakuntalā / yaiṣā vasane paridhūsare vasānā… mama dīrghaṃ virahavrataṃ bibharti. Cp. the kindred idiom so ‘ham etc. (445) (*1).

b) the relative clause imports an ability, consequence or design. Panc. 192 tadatraiva sthitena tvayā kaścitsamarthaḥ samāśrayaṇīyo yo vipatpratīkāraṃ karoti (v. a. you must apply to somebody, who is able to defend you), ibid. 91 kā mātrā samudrasya yo mama dṛṣayiṣyati prasūtim (what is the Ocean, that he should hurt my offspring?). In these examples from the classic dialect the present is used or the future. In the old and epic style such clauses require the optative mood (liG) cp. 344 f), Mhbh. 1, 157, 25 nahi yogaṃ prapaśyāmi yena mucyeyamāpadaḥ (I see no means, indeed, how to get rid of distress), R. 1, 54, 3 parityaktā vasiṣṭhena kimahaṃ sumahātmanā / yāhaṃ rājabhṛtairdainā hriyeya bhṛśaduḥkhitā (why has V. left me, to be captured by the king’s attendants?), ibid. 3, 13, 11 vyādiśa me deśaṃ sodakaṃ bahukānanam / yatrāśramapadaṃ kṛtvā kṛtvā vaseyaṃ nirataḥ sukham.

Rem. The pronoun ya, therefore, may even be correlative to a preceding īdṛśa, evaṃbhūta and the like. In all such cases the clause bears a consecutive character more or less expressed. Hit. 6 asti kaścidevaṃbhūto vidvānyo mama putrāṇām… nītiśāstropadeśena punarjanma kārayituṃ samarthaḥ (is there any learned man so clever, as to —), Mudr. V, p. 166 kīdṛśaṃ tatkāryagauravaṃ yadrājaśāsanamullaṅghayasi (of what nature are those important affairs, that you should transgress the king’s orders?), Mhbh. l, 157, 14 etāvānpuruṣastāta kṛtaṃ yasmin na naśyati.

(*1)
The combination yaḥ sa serves different wants. Sometimes it generalizes the relative, so as to make it an indefinite = sarva, see 287 c.) and Mṛcch. X, p. 360 yatra tatra sthitā »staying anywhere.” Sometimes it is to be resolved into sa (the »renowned” or the »well-known” etc.) yaḥ, as Mhbh. 1, 67, 71 dhanurvede ca vede ca yaṃ taṃ vedavido viduḥ / variṣṭham. In the same way ya eṣa, ya asau are to be resolved. Mudr. III, p. 115 yāvetau gajādhyakṣāśvādhyakṣau… etau khalu etc.

458. 原因等を表す関係代名詞：yaḥ

特別な特性を表す節、とりわけ原因を表す節を導入する場合、関係代名詞は主文に続かねばならない。が、同時に帰結（consequence）、性質（disposition）、あるいは目的（purpose）さえも意味しうる。換言すると、関係代名詞は、関係副詞や接続詞が期待される場合に用いられることがあり、yaḥがほとんどyat sa（…であるところの…）、yathā sa（そのために彼は）、yādṛśaḥ（…のような）と等しかったりする。ラテン語の表現qui＝quum isとqui＝ut isと比較せよ。

a.) 原因・動機・理由を暗に意味する関係節。したがって、特に、喜怒哀楽、善意・悪意、満足・不満、などの気分を表す動詞や名詞の後に来るもの：
Panc. 250 bhāgyavāms tvam evāsi yasyārabdhaṃ sarvam eva saṃsidhyati (you are fortunate, indeed, for whatever you undertake succeeds)
Daç. 90 saiva dhanyā gaṇikādārikā yām evaṃ bhavanmano ‘bhiniviśate (she is to be congratulated that it is she, who is the object of your love)
Çâk. I aho asādhudarśī tatrabhavānkaṇvo ya imāṃ valkaladhāraṇe niyuṅkte (it is ill-judged of the Reverend Kaṇva to order her —)
Panc. 55 tasya kṛtāntaḥ kupito yenaitad evaṃ kriyate
Daç. 135 aham eva bhūḍho mūḍho ‘parāddho yas tava… samādiṣṭavān vadham

【補足】
以下のような原因を表す節におけるイディオムyo ‘hamやyas tvamに注意せよ。
R. 2, 59, 32 aśobhanaṃ yo ‘hamihādya rāghavaṃ didṛkṣamāṇo na labhe salakṣmaṇam (it is a pity that I do not find Rama and Laxmaṇa)
Mṛcch. III, p. 125 nāhaṃ daridraḥ / yasya mama vibhavānugatā bhāryā sukhaduḥkhasuhṛ (I am not poor, since I have —)
R. 2, 44, 26 nārhā tvaṃ śocituṃ devi yasyāste rāghavaḥ sutaḥ.

ya eṣaも同様。
Çâk. VII aye seyam atra bhavatī śakuntalā / yaiṣā vasane paridhūsare vasānā… mama dīrghaṃ virahavrataṃ bibharti

同類のイディオムso ‘ham等（445）と比較せよ（*1）。

b.) 能力・帰結・計画を意味する関係節：
Panc. 192 tad atraiva sthitena tvayā kaścitsamarthaḥ samāśrayaṇīyo yo vipatpratīkāraṃ karoti (v. a. you must apply to somebody, who is able to defend you)
ibid. 91 kā mātrā samudrasya yo mama dṛṣayiṣyati prasūtim (what is the Ocean, that he should hurt my offspring?)

古典サンスクリットから引用したこれらの例では、Pres.かFut.が用いられている。古い文体や叙事詩的文体では、このような節はOpt.（liṅ）が要請される。344のf.)と比較せよ。
Mhbh. 1, 157, 25 nahi yogaṃ prapaśyāmi yena mucyeyamāpadaḥ (I see no means, indeed, how to get rid of distress)
R. 1, 54, 3 parityaktā vasiṣṭhena kim ahaṃ sumahātmanā / yāhaṃ rājabhṛtair dainā hriyeya bhṛśaduḥkhitā (why has V. left me, to be captured by the king’s attendants?)
ibid. 3, 13, 11 vyādiśa me deśaṃ sodakaṃ bahukānanam / yatrāśramapadaṃ kṛtvā kṛtvā vaseyaṃ nirataḥ sukham

【補足】
したがって、代名詞yaは先行するīdṛśaやevaṃbhūtaなどにも関連する。そのようなすべてのケースで、その節は、多かれ少なかれ論理的に連続した性格（consecutive character）を帯びる。
Hit. 6 asti kaścidevaṃbhūto vidvānyo mama putrāṇām… nītiśāstropadeśena punarjanma kārayituṃ samarthaḥ (is there any learned man so clever, as to —)
Mudr. V, p. 166 kīdṛśaṃ tat kāryagauravaṃ yad rājaśāsanam ullaṅghayasi (of what nature are those important affairs, that you should transgress the king’s orders?)
Mhbh. l, 157, 14 etāvān puruṣas tāta kṛtaṃ yasmin na naśyati

（*1）
yaḥ saの組み合わせは異なった要求に応える。まず、関係詞を不定のもの（＝sarva）にするために一般化することがある。287-cと以下の例文をみよ。
Mṛcch. X, p. 360 yatra tatra sthitā »staying anywhere.’’

また、関係詞がsa yaḥ（有名な、よく知られた…etc.）として分析されることがある。
Mhbh. 1, 67, 71 dhanurvede ca vede ca yaṃ taṃ vedavido viduḥ / variṣṭham

ya eṣaやya asauも同じ仕方で分析される。
Mudr. III, p. 115 yāvetau gajādhyakṣāśvādhyakṣau… etau khalu etc.

459.

Some other special idioms may be noticed:

1. the idiom yatsatyam v. a. »surely”, cp. 395. Ven. I, p. 19 yatsatyaṃ kam pitam iva me hṛdayam (my heart trembles, indeed);

type: yaḥ etc. = „considering.”

2. the type, represented by R. 2, 44, 14 yā śrīḥ śauryaṃ ca rāmasya yā ca kalyāṇa sattvatā / nivṛttāraṇyavāsaḥ svaṃ kṣipraṃ rājyam avāpsyati (considering Râma’s happiness, his heroism and his virtue, he will soon recover his kingdom), cp. Latin quā erat clementiā Caesar, lictos conservavit hostes and the like;

yaḥ = yadi kaścit.

3. yaḥ = yadi kaścit, as M. 2, 95 yaścaitān prāpnuyāt sarvān yaścaitān kevalāṃstyajet / prāpaṇāt sarvakāmānāṃ parityāgo viśiṣyate; here the repeated yaḥ = »if somebody” and »if some other,” cp. Mhbh. 1, 79, 6. In this and similar constructions the noun or the demonstrative referred to are understood. Cp. yāvat = »as far as” and the like (460 R. 1).

459. 他の関係詞イディオム

他の特殊なイディオムにも注意せねばならない：

1. yatsatyam（確かに）；395をみよ。
Ven. I, p. 19 yatsatyaṃ kampitamiva me hṛdayam (my heart trembles, indeed)

○yaḥ＝「…を思えば」

R. 2, 44, 14 yā śrīḥ śauryaṃ ca rāmasya yā ca kalyāṇa sattvatā / nivṛttāraṇyavāsaḥ svaṃ kṣipraṃ rājyam avāpsyati (considering Râma’s happiness, his heroism and his virtue, he will soon recover his kingdom)

ラテン語の"quā erat clementiā Caesar, lictos conservavit hostes"等と比較せよ。

○yaḥ = yadi kaścit

3. yaḥ = yadi kaścit
M. 2, 95 yaścaitān prāpnuyātsarvānyaś caitān kevalāṃstyajet / prāpaṇāt sarvakāmānāṃ parityāgo viśiṣyate

ここで繰り返されるyaḥは「もし誰かが…」である。Mhbh. 1, 79, 6と比較せよ。この構文とそれと類似する構文では、言及されている名詞指示代名詞は〔補って〕理解される。yāvat＝「…する限り」等と比較せよ（460-補足1）。

460. ya after the demonstratives tāvant, tādṛśa and the like.

The pronominal adjectives yāvant, yādṛśa and the like, are as a rule used along with their demonstratives tāvant, tādṛśa etc. Kathâs. 78, 130 yādṛśāstantavaḥ kāmaṃ tādṛśo jāyate paṭaḥ (one may judge a cloth from its constituent threads v. a. ex ungue leonem), Mhbh. 1, 167, 34 sa putraḥ… iṣyate yadvidho rājanbhavitā te tathāvidhaḥ (such a son as you wish will be born to you), M. 8, 155 yāvatī saṃbhaved vṛddhis tāvatī dātum arhati (he must pay as much interest as appears [from the documents]).

Rem. 1. yāvat, when subst. neuter, is sometimes employed in a somewhat elliptical way, f. i. Vikram. V, p. 181 iyaṃ corvaśī yāvadāyuṣaste sahadharmacāriṇī bhavatu (and Urvaçî here will be your wife for the whole time of your life), Daç. 74 parivārastvasya yāvad iha ramyam ujjvalaṃ ca (and its train consists of all that is charming and splendid here on earth).” Cp. Lat. quantum est hominum venustiorum and the like. Cp. also the turn iti yāvat (as much as), frequent with commentators.

Rem. 2. A counterpart to the idioms mentioned in 459, are yādṛśa and yāvant when connected rather loosely with the main sentence. R 3, 24, 6 yādṛśā iha kūjanti pakṣiṇo vanacāriṇaḥ / agrato no bhayaṃ prāptam (considering the shouts of the birds here, some danger is near us). So especially yāvat and yāvatā = »as far as, in as much as,” cp. 479.

Rem. 3. If the relative sentence import a reason, a consequence, a purpose, it is the pronoun ya that is the correlative of tādṛśa, not yādṛśa and its synonyms. See 458, b) and 466.

460. 指示代名詞tāvant、tādṛśa等の後のya

代名詞的形容詞yāvant、yādṛśa等は、原則として指示代名詞tāvant、tādṛśa等とともに用いられる。
Kathâs. 78, 130 yādṛśās tan tavaḥ kāmaṃ tādṛśo jāyate paṭaḥ (one may judge a cloth from its constituent threads v. a. ex ungue leonem)
Mhbh. 1, 167, 34 sa putraḥ… iṣyate yadvidho rājanbhavitā te tathāvidhaḥ (such a son as you wish will be born to you)
M. 8, 155 yāvatī saṃbhaved vṛddhis tāvatī dātum arhati (he must pay as much interest as appears [from the documents])

【補足1】
実名詞かつn.のyāvatは多少省略する仕方で用いられることがある。
Vikram. V, p. 181 iyaṃ corvaśī yāvad āyuṣaste sahadharmacāriṇī bhavatu (and Urvaçî here will be your wife for the whole time of your life)
Daç. 74 parivārastvasya yāvad iha ramyam ujjvalaṃ ca (and its train consists of all that is charming and splendid here on earth)

ラテン語のquantum est hominum venustiorum等、および注釈家の度々用いるiti yāvat（…と同じ程度の）という言い回しとも比較せよ。

【補足2】
459に述べたイディオムに対応するのが、主文と緩く接続される場合のyādṛśaとyāvantである。
R. 3, 24, 6 yādṛśā iha kūjanti pakṣiṇo vanacāriṇaḥ / agrato no bhayaṃ prāptam (considering the shouts of the birds here, some danger is near us)

よって特にyāvatとyāvatāは「…である限り」となる。479をみよ。

【補足3】
関係文が理由・帰結・目的を意味する場合には、tādṛśaの関連するところの代名詞yaが用いられる。yādṛśaとその同義語ではない。458-bと466をみよ。