48.

In the passive construction the person asked, addressed, defeated etc. turns nominative, the thing asked for, spoken etc. remains accusative. Therefore, though it may be said separately ukto ‘rthaḥ as well as uktas tvam, pṛṣṭo vṛttāntaḥ as well as pṛṣṭāḥ putrāḥ, when combined, we get the type etam artham uktas tvam / pṛṣṭāḥ putrā vṛttāntam. Examples: Panc. 29 prārthito mayā bhavadarthe svāmy abhayapradānam (v. a. I have asked my master to grant you his protection), Kathâs. 27, 142 bāṇena yuddhayogyam ariṃ haro yācitaḥ (Bâṇa has prayed Çiva for a foe, fit to fight with); — R. 2, 97, 15 na hi te niṣṭḥuraṃ vācyo bharato nāpriyaṃ vacaḥ; — Daç, 80 mayā jitaścāsau ṣoḍaśasahasrāṇi dīnārāṇām; — M. 8, 36 anṛtaṃ tu vadandaṇḍhyaḥ svavittasyāṃśam aṣṭamam (but when bearing false witness, he must be punished with a fine of one eighth of his goods).

This passive construction is often avoided (*1) by employing one of the concurrent idioms, taught in 47. Therefore uktam idaṃ tvām prati or tubhyam, or mayāyam arthas tvattaḥ pṛṣṭaḥ or tvat sakāśāt etc.

(*1)
With some verbs it is, if at all, but rarely met with. Upon the (the) whole, the construction with a double object appears to be the remnant of an old vegetation, which has almost passed away to be succeeded by new stalks and young stems. We may see the same process at work in Latin, Greek and the teutonic languages. In all of them the idiom of the double object loses territory time going.

48. 受動文におけるdouble object

受動文では、〈尋ねられる・話しかけられる・負かされる…etc.〉人がnom.に変わる。問いや話題などはacc.のままである。したがって、ukto ‘rthaḥ / uktas tvam、pṛṣṭo vṛttāntaḥ / pṛṣṭāḥ putrāḥのように別々に表現しうるけれども、合わせるとetam artham uktas tvam、pṛṣṭāḥ putrā vṛttāntamという形になる。

例:
Panc. 29 prārthito mayā bhavadarthe svāmy abhayapradānam (v. a. I have asked my master to grant you his protection)
Kathâs. 27, 142 bāṇena yuddhayogyam ariṃ haro yācitaḥ (Bâṇa has prayed Çiva for a foe, fit to fight with)
R. 2, 97, 15 na hi te niṣṭḥuraṃ vācyo bharato nāpriyaṃ vacaḥ Daç, 80 mayā jitaś cāsau ṣoḍaśasahasrāṇi dīnārāṇām
M. 8, 36 anṛtaṃ tu vadandaṇḍhyaḥ svavittasyāṃśam aṣṭamam (but when bearing false witness, he must be punished with a fine of one eighth of his goods)

このような受動文は、ふつう47.に示した同じはたらきをするイディオムのいずれかを用いることによって避けられる（*1）。よって、uktam idaṃ tvām prati（/ tubhyam）、mayāyam arthas tvattaḥ（/ tvatsakāśāt）などのように表現される。

（*1）
動詞によっては受動文がありうるにしても、滅多に見ることはない。全体として、2つの目的語をとる構文は、新たな枝葉が生じたことで消えかけている古い時代の語法の名残のように思われる。同様の経過がラテン語やギリシャ語、ゲルマン語派にも見られる。そのすべてにおいて、2つの目的語を用いる語法は、時代を下るにつれ勢力を弱めている。