52. Accusative depending on nouns.

The accusative of the object is not restricted to the finite verbs, but affects also some active verbal forms, which are grammatically classed among the nouns. In the first place all participles, gerunds and infinitives with active signification must have their object put in the accusative. Hitherto there is no difference between the syntax of Sanskrit and of its sister-languages. But the accusative is also wanted with some classes of verbal nouns, commonly not reckoned among the participles etc. (*1), nl. a.) with those in u, made of desiderative verbs; this class of adjectives has indeed almost the nature of participles, b.) with some in of iṣṇu kindred signification, c.) with those in aka, when having the worth of a partic. of the future, d.) with some krts in -in (*2), e.) with the krts in -tṛ, when barytona. {P. 2, 3, 69 sq.}

Examples: a.) M. 1, 8 sisṛkṣur vividhāḥ prajāḥ (wishing to create the manifold creatures), Mhbh. 1, 167, 48 sarvayoṣi dvarā kṛṣṇā ninīṣuḥ kṣatriyān kṣayam; — b.) Daç. 25 teṣāṃ bhāṣaṇapāruṣyam asahiṣṇur aham (as I could not bear the harshness of their words); — c.) Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 70 kaṭaṃ kārako vrajati (he goes to make a mat) (*3); e.) see 53.

Rem. 1. Those in uka are also mentioned by Pâṇini as agreeing with acc., but this construction has antiquated. Instances of it are met with in the archaic dialect, Taitt. S. 6, 1, 6, 6 kāmukā enaṃ striyo bhavanti ya evaṃ veda, Ch. Up. 5, 2, 2 lambhuko ha vāso bhavati (surely, he obtains a dress).

Rem. 2. Note also the acc. with the adj. arha (worth, deserving). As far as I know, this idiom is restricted to the epics. Mhbh. 1, 63, 4 indratvam arho rājāyaṃ tapasā (this king is by his penance worth of Indra’s rank), R. 1 , 53, 12 na parityāgamarheyaṃ matsakāśāt (she is not worth being given up by me) (*4).

Rem. 3. In the ancient dialect of the vaidik mantras many more kinds of verbal nouns may agree with acc. So for inst. Rgv. 6, 23, 4 babhrir vajraṃ papiḥ somaṃ dadirgāḥ. Mhbh. 1, 113, 21 we have even an acc. depending on a nomen actionis jigīṣayā mahīṃ pāṇḍur nirakrāmat purāt (by his desire to conquer the earth…) ; likewise ibid. 1, 167, 3 droṇaṃ praticikīrṣayā (by his wish to retaliate Droṇa).

(*1)
See Siecke, de genetivi in lingua sanscrita imprimis vedica usu, p.17 sqq.

(*2)
Especially, if a debt be the object, P. 2, 3, 70. Kâç. śataṃ dāyī.

(*3)
Examples in literature are scarce. Whitney (Grammar § 271 c.) quotes Mhbh. 3, 73, 25 bhavantam abhivādakaḥ, but the example is doubtful, for the whole sentence runs thus: āgato ‘smi bhavantam abhivādakaḥ, where it is also possible to accept the acc. as the aim of the verb āgataḥ. (Corrected, see 359, note 1.) — R. 3, 10, 15 tadardyamānān rakṣābhir daṇḍakāraṇyavāsibhiḥ / rakṣakas tvaṃ would afford an instance of rakṣaka, construed with the accusative, if it were not probably a bad reading; rakṣakas tvaṃ is to be changed in rakṣa nas tvam.

(*4)
In the classical language arha complies with genitive. So Priyad. 39 upaviśatv arheyam ardhāsanasya (let her sit down, she is worth half of my seat). Likewise anarha.

52. 名詞に係るacc.

目的のacc.〔の用途〕は定動詞に限定されず、文法的には名詞に分類されるようないくつかの能動の動詞をとる傾向がある。第一に、能動の意味をもつあらゆる分詞（participle）、遊離分詞（gerund）、不定詞（infinitive）は、その目的語をacc.で置かなければならない。目下のところ、サンスクリットとその姉妹的言語の構文論には違いがない。けれどもいくつかの、ふつう分詞とはみなされないような動詞的名詞でもacc.が必要とされる（*1）。{P. 2, 3, 69 sq.} すなわち以下の通り：
a.) 接尾辞uを伴う使役動詞からなるもの。このタイプの形容詞はほとんど分詞的性質をもつと言ってよい。
b.) 接辞iṣṇuと同種の意味をもつもの。
c.) 未来分詞に相当し、接辞akaを伴うもの。
d.) kṛt接尾辞-inを伴うもの（*2）。
e.) 最後の音節にアクセントがなく（barytona）、kṛt接尾辞-tṛを伴うもの。

例：
a.) M. 1, 8 sisṛkṣur vividhāḥ prajāḥ (wishing to create the manifold creatures)
Mhbh. 1, 167, 48 sarvayoṣi dvarā kṛṣṇā ninīṣuḥ kṣatriyān kṣayam
b.) Daç. 25 teṣāṃ bhāṣaṇapāruṣyam asahiṣṇur aham (as I could not bear the harshness of their words)
c.) Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 70 kaṭaṃ kārako vrajati (he goes to make a mat) （*3）
e.) see 53

【補足1】
ukaなどはacc.をとるものとしてPāṇiniにも言及されるが、この構文は古くなっている。例は古語にて見られる：
Taitt. S. 6, 1, 6, 6 kāmukā enaṃ striyo bhavanti ya evaṃ veda
Ch. Up. 5, 2, 2 lambhuko ha vāso bhavati (surely, he obtains a dress)

【補足2】
arha（価値ある、～に値する）を伴うacc.にも注意せよ。私の知る限り、この語法は叙事詩に限られている：
Mhbh. 1, 63, 4 indratvam arho rājāyaṃ tapasā (this king is by his penance worth of Indra’s rank)
R. 1 , 53, 12 na parityāgamarheyaṃ matsakāśāt (she is not worth being given up by me) (*4)

【補足3】
ヴェーダのマントラに用いられている古語においては、もっと多くの種類の動詞的名詞がacc.に一致する。例えば以下のように：
Rgv. 6, 23, 4 babhrir vajraṃ papiḥ somaṃ dadirgāḥ
Mhbh. 1, 113, 21 jigīṣayā mahīṃ pāṇḍur nirakrāmat purāt (by his desire to conquer the earth…) （動作名詞に係るacc.）
ibid. 1, 167, 3 droṇaṃ praticikīrṣayā (by his wish to retaliate Drona)

（*1）
See Siecke, de genetivi in lingua sanscrita imprimis vedica usu, p.17 sqq.

（*2）
とりわけ借金が目的語になる場合。P. 2, 3, 70. Kâç. śataṃ dāyī

（*3）
文学作品の例は少ない。WhitneyはMhbh. 3, 73, 25 bhavantam abhivādakaḥを引用する（Grammar §271 c.）ものの、この例は疑わしい。というのも、この文の全体はāgato ‘smi bhavantam abhivādakaḥなので、動詞āgataḥの目的地としてもacc.は認められうるからである。（訂正済：359-注1）R. 3, 10, 15 tadardyamānān rakṣābhir daṇḍakāraṇyavāsibhiḥ / rakṣakas tvaṃは、これが誤読でなかったならば、acc.で用いられるrakṣakaの例となるだろう。しかし、rakṣakas tvamはrakṣa nastvamに修正されるべきである。

（*4）
古典語ではarhaはgen.に係る。anarhaも同様。
Priyad. 39 upaviśatv arheyam ardhāsanasya (let her sit down, she is worth half of my seat)