58. Instrumental, when sociative.
I. Sociative. — The instrumental is the equivalent of our with = together with, accompanied by. In this manner the third case is used f. i. Panc. I, 305 mṛgā mṛgaiḥ saṅgam anuvrajanti gāvaś ca gobhis turagās turaṅgaiḥ / mūrkhāś ca sudhiyaḥ sudhīmiḥ (deer seek after the comradeship with deer, so kine with kine and horse with horse, the fool with the fool and the wise with the wise).
a.) with prepositions.
Upon the whole however, the instrumental, when sociative, is accompanied by some word expressive of the notion of being together viz. 1° the adverbs saha, samam, sārdham, sākam which may then be considered prepositions, as rāmaḥ sotayā saha; 2° such participles as sahita, saṅgata, yukta, anvita and the like, as rāmaḥ sītayā sahitaḥ or compounded sītāsahitaḥ. Or the notion of the sociative is expressed by a compound, the former part of which is sa- (or saha-) as rāmaḥ sasītaḥ. Occasionally the gerund ādāya (having taken) is also used in the meaning of with.
The prepositional adverbs etc. are likewise added to the instrumental for the sake of denoting relations between different parties as to converse with, to meddle with, to fight with, to contend with, sim.
Examples: a.) saha etc. expressive
1. of concomitancy. Mṛcch. X, p.372 api dhriyate cārudattaḥ saha vasantasenayā (are Cârudatta and Vasantasenâ still alive?), Mhbh. 1, 113, 20 sa tābhyāṃ vyacarat sārdhaṃ bhāryābhyāṃ rājasattamaḥ / kuntyā mādyrā ca rājendraḥ, Panc. 127 tena samam eva svadeśaṃ prati prasthitāḥ, Kathâs. 4, 136 ahaṃ jananyā gurubhiś ca sākam… avasam;
2. of mutual relations. Panc. 78 taiḥ sahālāpaṃ na karoti; ibid. 257 kas tena saha tava snehaḥ: (v. a. how are you his friend?), ibid. 281 mitreṇa saha cittaviśleṣaḥ (disagreement with a friend), Kathâs. 47, 88 sa tena vidadhe samaṃ yuddham (he fought with him), Panc. V, 66 cāraṇair vandibhir nīcair nāpi tair bālakair api / na mantraṃ matimān kuryāt sārdham. Note the phrase tena saha darśanam (Panc. 137, 13; 178, 1) and the type, represented Panc. 43 tāṃ sthūṇayā saha dṛḍhabandhanena baddhvā (after having fastened her to the pile with a strong fetter).
b.) sahita and the like: Kathâs. 13, 110 svagṛhaṃ bhṛtyasahitaḥ palāyyaiva tato yayau (he fled from this spot to his home with his attendance), R. 2, 32, 91 Sîtâ prays punar eva mahābāhur mayā bhrātrā ca saṃgataḥ [that is: with his brother and me] ayodhyāṃ vanavāsāt praviśatu.
Rem. An elegant paraphrase of the sociative is occasionally -dvitīya used as the latter part of a bahuvrîhi. So in the verse quoted Pat. I, p.426 asidvitīyo ‘nusasāra pāṇḍavam = »alone but for his good sword, he went after the Pâṇḍava," Daç. 159 ekānte bhavān utkaṇṭhita iva parivādinīdvitīyas tiṣṭhati (you stand aside as if longing for some you love, alone with your lute), Panc. 159 rājakanyā sakhīdvitīyā.
58. 付帯のInstrumental
inst.は我々のいう「～と共に」（with = together with, accompanied by）と等しい。このような仕方で第3格は用いられる。
Panc. I, 305 mṛgā mṛgaiḥ saṅgam anuvrajanti gāvaś ca gobhis turagās turaṅgaiḥ / mūrkhāś ca sudhiyaḥ sudhīmiḥ (deer seek after the comradeship with deer, so kine with kine and horse with horse, the fool with the fool and the wise with the wise)
a.) 前置詞を伴うもの
概して付格のInstrumentalは、共にあること（being together）の観念を表す語を伴う。
1. 前置詞とみなされる副詞：saha、samam、sārdham、sākam：f. ex. rāmaḥ sotayā saha
2. sahita、saṅgata、yukta、anvitaなどの分詞：f. ex. rāmaḥ sītayā sahitaḥ、rāmaḥ sītāsahitaḥ
あるいは、付帯の観念は1.のsa-（またはsaha-）の複合語で表現される（rāmaḥ sasītaḥ）。動名詞ādāya（持っている）がwithの意味で用いられることもある。同様に、会話する・干渉する・戦う・争うなど異なる人と人との間の関係を表すためのinst.には、前置詞的な副詞が付加される。
例：a.) saha etc.
1. 付随を表すもの
Mṛcch. X, p.372 api dhriyate cārudattaḥ saha vasantasenayā (are Cârudatta and Vasantasenâ still alive?)
Mhbh. 1, 113, 20 sa tābhyāṃ vyacarat sārdhaṃ bhāryābhyāṃ rājasattamaḥ / kuntyā mādyrā ca rājendraḥ
Panc. 127 tena samam eva svadeśaṃ prati prasthitāḥ
Kathâs. 4, 136 ahaṃ jananyā gurubhiś ca sākam…avasam
2. 相互関係を表すもの
Panc. 78 taiḥ sahālāpaṃ na karoti
ibid. 257 kas tena saha tava snehaḥ (v. a. how are you his friend?)
ibid. 281 mitreṇa saha cittaviśleṣaḥ (disagreement with a friend)
Kathâs. 47, 88 sa tena vidadhe samaṃ yuddham (he fought with him)
Panc. V, 66 cāraṇair vandibhir nīcair nāpi tair bālakair api / na mantraṃ matimān kuryāt sārdham
tena saha darśanam (Panc. 137, 13; 178, 1)のような句と、以下に代表される形式の文に注意せよ：
Panc. 43 tāṃ sthūṇayā saha dṛḍhabandhanena baddhvā (after having fastened her to the pile with a strong fetter)
b.) sahitaなど
Kathâs. 13, 110 svagṛhaṃ bhṛtyasahitaḥ palāyyaiva tato yayau (he fled from this spot to his home with his attendance)
R. 2, 32, 91 Sītāは祈る：punar eva mahābāhur mayā bhrātrā ca saṃgataḥ（＝彼の兄と私とが共に）ayodhyāṃ vanavāsāt praviśatu
【補足】
付帯のinst.の上品な言い換えには、bahuvrīhiの後分として-dvitīyaが用いられるときがある。引用するに以下の通り：
Pat. I, p.426 asidvitīyo ‘nusasāra pāṇḍavam = »alone but for his good sword, he went after the Pâṇḍava.”
Daç. 159 ekānte bhavān utkaṇṭhita iva parivādinīdvitīyas tiṣṭhati (you stand aside as if longing for some you love, alone with your lute)
Panc. 159 rājakanyā sakhīdvitīyā