63. Instrumental, the how-case.

II. By extending the notions of concomitancy, accompaniment, simultaneousness from space and time to all sorts of logical categories, we may understand how large a sphere of employment the third case occupies in Sanskrit syntax. Generally spoken, it is always used, when it is wanted to express the circumstances, instruments, means, ways, properties accompanying the action and qualifying it. In other terms, the instrumental has the duty of telling the how of the action or state, expressed by the verb or verbal noun, it depends on.

For clearness’ sake the most striking types of this instrumental will be severally enumerated: 1ly and 2ly it is expressive of the instrument (karaṇa) and the agent (kartṛ). These two kinds of instrumental are practically the most important, for they are the most wanted for. Examples of the former dātreṇa lunāti (he cuts with a knife), padbhyāṃ gacchati (he goes on foot); of the latter mayā tatkṛtam (it is done by me) (57).

Thirdly, the instrum. denotes accompanying circumstances and qualities, like Latin abl. modi and qualitatis. M. 4, 3 akleśena śarīrasya karvīta dhanasaṃcayam (he must make money, but without giving toil to his body), Panc. 129 damanakasācivyena piṅgalako rājyam akarot (Ping. exercised his royalty with Dam. as his minister).

Fourthly, it declares the test, to measure by; phalenaitaj jñāsyasi (you will know it by its fruit).

Fifthly, it expresses the price or value, something is rated at, bought, sold, hired for, the thing, some other is taken for in exchange, sim. Panc. 158 rūpakaśatena vikrīyamāṇaḥ pustakaḥ (a book sold for a hundred rupees).

Sixthly, it denotes the way, by which one goes; Çâk. III anayā bālapādapavīthyā sutanur aciraṃ gatā (the tender girl has passed a little before along this row of young trees).

Seventhly, the instrumental denotes the cause, motive or reason, by which something is done or happens to be; dhanena kuśalaḥ (prosperous by wealth), vidyayā yaśaḥ (fame by learning), madājñayāgato ‘sau (that person has arrived by my order), prītyā dānam (v. a. a present).

63. 「具」格としてのinst.

同伴、付随、時間・空間の同時性、これらの観念をあらゆる種類の論理的範疇に拡大すると、サンスクリットの構文において第3格の使用の広範さを理解できるであろう。一般に、行為に付随し修飾する、状況、用具（instruments）、手段（means）、方法、特性を表現したい場合、〔「具」格としてのinst.は〕いつでも用いられる。換言すれば、inst.には、動詞や動詞的名詞によって表される行為・状態の「いかにして」（how）を伝達する役割がある。

簡明さのために、このinst.のもっとも顕著な例をいくつか挙げておく。第1と第2は、手段（karaṇa）と行為者（kartṛ）の表現である。この2種類のinst.は、もっとも必要とされるために、実用上もっとも重要である。
・karaṇa
dātreṇa lunāti (he cuts with a knife)
padbhyāṃ gacchati (he goes on foot)
・kartṛ
mayā tatkṛtam (it is done by me) (57)

第3は、ラテン語の仕方・性質を表すabl.のように（*訳注）、付随する状況や性質を表すinst.である。
M. 4, 3 akleśena śarīrasya karvīta dhanasaṃcayam (he must make money, but without giving toil to his body)
Panc. 129 damanakasācivyena piṅgalako rājyam akarot (Ping. exercised his royalty with Dam. as his minister)

第4には、検査・評価の言明である。
phalenaitaj jñāsyasi (you will know it by its fruit)

第5には、評価・購買・雇用されているもの、流行物、他には交換されるもの、などの値段や価値を表す。
Panc. 158 rūpakaśatena vikrīyamāṇaḥ pustakaḥ (a book sold for a hundred rupees)

第6には、何事かの行動する方法を表す。
Çâk. III anayā bālapādapavīthyā sutanur aciraṃ gatā (the tender girl has passed a little before along this row of young trees)

第7には、それによって物事が為されたり起こったりするところの原因（cause）、動機（motive）、理由（reason）を表すinst.である。
dhanena kuśalaḥ (prosperous by wealth)
vidyayā yaśaḥ (fame by learning)
madājñayāgato ‘sau (that person has arrived by my order)
prītyā dānam (v. a. a present)

訳注：modus、qualitasのgen.であるとすればmodō、quālitāte。誤り？