73. Instrumentalis partis.

Next to the instrumental of causality comes that, which signifies by what side. Like the Latin abl. partis it commonly depends on adjectives, but may also be the complement of the whole predicate. It is especially used to point out the points of comparison with verbs or nouns, which denote superiority or inferiority, likeness or difference.

Examples: R. 1, 1, 55 rūpeṇa vikṛtaḥ (disfigured), Ch. Up. 2, 11, 2 mahān prajñayā paśubhir bhavati mahān kīrttyā, Daç. 77 kalāguṇaiḥ samṛddho vasunā nātipuṣṭo ‘bhavat (he was rich in various kinds of knowledge and in good qualities, but not very bulky in earthly goods), Panc. 274 kim aham etābhyāṃ śauryeṇa rūpeṇa vidyābhyāsena kauśalena vā hīnaḥ (am I inferior to both of them either in valour or in outer appearance or in study or in cleverness?), Daç. 177 abhijanena vibhavena rājāntaraṅgabhāvena ca sarvapaurānatītya vartate (he is surpassing all his citizens by his birth, his wealth and his being the king’s confident), Çâk. V anubhavati hi mūrdhnā pādapastīvramuṣṇam śamayati paritāpaṃ chāyayā saṃśritānām (the tree does tolerate the ardent glow of the sun on its summit to assuage by its shade the heat of those who come to it for shelter). In the last example, the instr. chāyayā may also be accepted as the instrument. In practice, indeed, the different shades of the how-case do not show themselves so sharply, as they are exhibited by the standard-types, cp. 64.

Rem. 1. Concurrent idioms denoting the side by which, are the ablative and the locative, especially if it be wanted to express the points of comparison. It is even allowed to use them side by side. So R. 1, 17, 13 two instrumental are used together with an abl. (tejasā yaśasā vīryād atyaricyata), Mhbh. 1, 16, 9 they range with a locative (dvau putrau vinatā vavre kadrūputrādhikau bale / tejasā vapuṣā caiva).

Rem. 2. The instrumental is of necessity, when naming the part of the body, by which one suffers, as akṣṇā kāṇaḥ (blind of one eye), pāṇinā kuṇiḥ, pādena khañcaḥ. Ch. Up. 2, 19, 2 ya evaṃ veda nāṅgena vihūrchati (he who knows so, is not crippled in any limb). {P. 2, 3, 20.}

Rem. 3. With comparatives and the like the instrumental is equivalent to the Latin ablativus mensurae. Daç. 73 kenāṃśenārthakāmātiśāyī dharmaḥ (by how much is duty superior to interest and pleasure?), Utp. on Varâh. Brhats (translation of Kern p.7) amuko graha etāvadbhir yojanair bhūgolād upari bhramati (finch a planet moves so many yojanas above the terrestrial globe).

73. 方向を表すinst.

原因のinst.の次は、「どちら側を経由して」（by what side）を表すものである。これはラテン語でのablativus partisのように、ふつう副詞に係るが、述語全体の補語になることもある。とりわけ、優劣や異同を表す動詞や名詞を伴って、比較の焦点を表すために用いられる。

例：
R. 1, 1, 55 rūpeṇa vikṛtaḥ (disfigured)
Ch. Up. 2, 11, 2 mahān prajñayā paśubhir bhavati mahān kīrttyā
Daç. 77 kalāguṇaiḥ samṛddho vasunā nātipuṣṭo ‘bhavat (he was rich in various kinds of knowledge and in good qualities, but not very bulky in earthly goods)
Panc. 274 kim aham etābhyāṃ śauryeṇa rūpeṇa vidyābhyāsena kauśalena vā hīnaḥ (am I inferior to both of them either in valour or in outer appearance or in study or in cleverness?)
Daç. 177 abhijanena vibhavena rājāntaraṅgabhāvena ca sarvapaurānatītya vartate (he is surpassing all his citizens by his birth, his wealth and his being the king’s confident)
Çâk. V anubhavati hi mūrdhnā pādapastīvramuṣṇam śamayati paritāpaṃ chāyayā saṃśritānām (the tree does tolerate the ardent glow of the sun on its summit to assuage by its shade the heat of those who come to it for shelter)

最後の例文では、inst.であるchāyayāは用具（instrument）とも認められうる。実際上では、具格（how-case）の〔他の用法と分かたれるような〕グラデーションは、標準の形式として提示されるもののようにはっきりとは現れない（64をみよ）。

【補足1】
そのものの経由する場所を表す、同じはたらきをするイディオムは、それが比較の起点を表すために要請されるのであれば、abl.とloc.である。それらは併用することもできる。
R. 1, 17, 13 （2つのinst.がabl.と共に用いられる） tejasā yaśasā vīryād atyaricyata
Mhbh. 1, 16, 9 （loc.と並んで） dvau putrau vinatā vavre kadrūputrādhikau bale / tejasā vapuṣā caiva

【補足2】(P. 2, 3, 20.)
悪くなっている体の部分を呼称する場合には、akṣṇā kāṇaḥ (blind of one eye)やpāṇinā kuṇiḥ、pādena khañcaḥのようにinst.が要請される。
Ch. Up. 2, 19, 2 ya evaṃ veda nāṅgena vihūrchati (he who knows so, is not crippled in any limb)

【補足3】
比較級（comparative）などを伴うinst.はラテン語における計量のabl.（ablativus mensurae）に等しい。
Daç. 73 kenāṃśenārthakāmātiśāyī dharmaḥ (by how much is duty superior to interest and pleasure?)
Utp. on Varâh. Brhats (translation of Kern p.7, reprint: vol. 1, p. 436) amuko graha etāvadbhir yojanair bhūgolād upari bhramati (finch a planet moves so many yojanas above the terrestrial globe)