74. Special construction.

The instrumental is used in many idiomatic turns, most of which belong to the general heads described in the preceding paragraphs. Of them the most important are :

1. to honour-, to favour-, to attend on with Çâk. I kalidāsagrathitavastunā navena nāṭakenopasyātavyam asmābhiḥ (we want to wait upon you with a new drama etc.), Panc. III, 139 svair māṃsair nimantritaḥ. [sc. kapotena śatruḥ].

2. to swear-, to conjure by. R. 2, 48, 23 putrair api śapāmahe (we swear; even by our children); Mṛcch. III (p.126) asmac charīraspṛṣṭikayā śāpito ’si; Mhbh. 1, 131, 46 satyena te śape. — Likewise tena satyena, an elliptical phrase = yathā mayoktaṃ satyaṃ tena satyena (as I have said the truth, by that truth), cp. Ch. Up. 3, 11, 2; Nala. 5, 17-20.

3. to boast on. Mhbh. 2, 64, 1 pareṣām eva yaśasā ślāghase tvam.

4. to live by. M. 3, 162 nakṣatrair yaś ca jīvati (v. a. an astrologer), Çâk. VII prāṇānām anilena vṛttiḥ.

5. to rejoice, to laugh, to wonder etc. at. Mhbh. 1, 138, 71 prīye tvayāham (you make me glad), Mudr. VII p.221 guṇair na parituṣyāmo yasya (with whose virtues I am not content), Kathâs. 20, 43 jahāsa tena sa nṛpaḥ (the king laughed at it). Cp. sādhu (bravo, well done) with instr. Mâlat. I (p.8) sādhu vatse sādhvanena matpriyābhiyogena.

Rem. In the case of 4. and 5. the ablative may occasionally be made use of. That ājīv, upajīv, has, nand, śuc, may be transitives, has been stated 43 and 42, 4; the last (śocati) is commonly construed so, and does but rarely comply with the instr.

Rem. 2. With ram, krīḍ and the like the instrum. may be either the sociative proper (then saha, samam etc. may be added) or the karaṇa. Ch. Up. 8, 12, 3 gives a fair instance of its standing on the bordering line of both acceptations jakṣankrīḍanramamāṇaḥ strībhirvā yānairvā jñātibhirvā (laughing [or eating], playing and rejoicing with women, carriages or relatives).

6. to fill with. Panc. 317 tena bhikṣārjitaiḥ saktubhir bhuktaśeṣaiḥ kalaśaḥ saṃpūritaḥ (what was left of his store of barley, he had earned by begging, therewith he filled his bowl), Mudr. V p.184 te pāṃsubhiḥ pūryantām. — The genitive with words of filling is also met with, yet the general use prefers the instrumental, at least with pūrayati.

7. to vanquish in (a battle, etc.). Panc. 291 taṃ ripuṃ yuddhena paribhūya.

8. to carry-, to keep-, to bear on (in, with.) Panc. III, 202 rathakāraḥ svakāṃ bhāryāṃ sajārāṃ śarasāvahat (the cartwright carried his wife with hor paramour on his head), Daç. 110 matpituruttamāṅgam utsaṅgena dhārayantī.

Rem. In the cases of 7 and 8 the locative is the concurrent idiom. It is said promiscuously yuddhe and yuddhena jitam, skandhe or skadhena dhṛtam. Cp. Kumâras. 3, 22 bharturājñām ādāya mūrdhnā madanaḥ pratasthe with Kâd. I, p.29 śirasi kṛtvājñām. But always tulayā dhṛ »to hold on the balance”, v. a. »to weigh, to compare.”

9. It is said akṣair dīvyati and akṣāt (he plays at dice). Cp. also R. (Gorr.) 3, 30, 4 rudhiradhārābhir varṣanto meghāḥ with Mhbh. 13, 148, 2 parjanyo vavṛṣe nirmalaṃ payaḥ, Lat. pluit lapides or lapidibus. — Similarly śapathaṃ śapati and śapathena (to swear an oath).

Rem. In the old dialect of the Vedic mantras the instrum. attends on patyate and bhuj unjust as the abl. on Latin potiri and fungi , see Delbr. Abl. Loc. Instr. p.65. To the instances adduced there I add the mantra in Âçv. Grhy. 1, 23, 19 tanmāvatu tanmāviśatu tena bhukṣiṣīya.

74. 特殊な構文

inst.はさまざまな成句表現で用いられ、そのほとんどは先の節で記述した一般項に属する。なかでもとりわけ重要なものは以下の通り：

1. 敬う、気に入る、伴う
Çâk. I kalidāsagrathitavastunā navena nāṭakenopasyātavyam asmābhiḥ (we want to wait upon you with a new drama etc.)
Panc. III, 139 svair māṃ sair nimantritaḥ [sc. kapotena śatruḥ]

2. 誓う、頼む
R. 2, 48, 23 putrair api śapāmahe (we swear; even by our children)
Mṛcch. III (p.126) asmac charīraspṛṣṭikayā śāpito ’si
Mhbh. 1, 131, 46 satyena te śape

tena satyenaは〔Mhbh. 1, 131, 46と〕同様。省略形：yathā mayoktaṃ satyaṃ tena satyena (as I have said the truth, by that truth), cp. Ch. Up. 3, 11, 2; Nala. 5, 17-20.

3. 自慢する
Mhbh. 2, 64, 1 pareṣām eva yaśasā ślāghase tvam

4. …に則る
M. 3, 162 nakṣatrairyaśca jīvati (v. a. an astrologer)
Çâk. VII prāṇānāmanilena vṛttiḥ

5. …を喜ぶ、笑う、不思議がる
Mhbh. 1, 138, 71 prīye tvayāham (you make me glad)
Mudr. VII p.221 guṇairna parituṣyāmo yasya (with whose virtues I am not content)
Kathâs. 20, 43 jahāsa tena sa nṛpaḥ (the king laughed at it)

inst.を伴うsādhu（善哉）と比較せよ。
Mâlat. I (p.8) sādhu vatse sādhvanena matpriyābhiyogena

【補足1】
4.と5.のケースにおいては、abl.が用いられる場合もある。そのような他動詞のā√jīv、upa√jīv、√has、√nand、√śucについては42-4と43で述べた；最後の√śucはふつうabl.を取り、inst.を取ることはほとんどない。

【補足2】
ramやkrīḍなどを伴うinst.は、付帯詞そのものであるか（saha、samam 等が付される場合）、手段・用具（karaṇa）であるかのどちらかである。Ch. Up. 8, 12, 3は、〔そのinst.が〕両方の意味の境界線上にあることの適正な例を示している：jakṣankrīḍanramamāṇaḥ strībhirvā yānairvā jñātibhirvā (laughing [or eating], playing and rejoicing with women, carriages or relatives)

6. …で満たす、注ぐ
Panc. 317 tena bhikṣārjitaiḥ saktubhir bhuktaśeṣaiḥ kalaśaḥ saṃpūritaḥ (what was left of his store of barley, he had earned by begging, therewith he filled his bowl)
Mudr. V p.184 te pāṃsubhiḥ pūryantām

「満たす」の語を伴うgen.も見られるが、一般的な用法としてはinst.、少なくともpūrayatiを伴うもの、を好む。

7. （戦いなどにおいて）…を破る、征服する
Panc. 291 taṃ ripuṃ yuddhena paribhūya

8. 続けていく、継続する、持ちこたえる
Panc. III, 202 rathakāraḥ svakāṃ bhāryāṃ sajārāṃ śarasāvahat (the cartwright carried his wife with hor paramour on his head)
Daç. 110 matpituruttamāṅgam utsaṅgena dhārayantī

【補足】
7と8のケースにおいては、loc.が同じはたらきをするイディオムである。ざっくり〈yuddhe / yuddhena〉 jitam、〈skandhe / skadhena〉 dhṛtamとなる。Kumâras. 3, 22 bharturājñām ādāya mūrdhnā madanaḥ pratastheとKâd. I, p.29 śirasi kṛtvājñāmを比較せよ。けれども、tulayā dhṛ（釣り合いをとる＝量る、比較する）のように、常に〔√dhṛはinst.を取る〕。

9. akṣair dīvyati（彼はサイコロで遊ぶ）はakṣātでも可。以下を比較せよ：
R. (Gorr.) 3, 30, 4 rudhiradhārābhir varṣanto meghāḥ
Mhbh. 13, 148, 2 parjanyo vavṛṣe nirmalaṃ payaḥ
Lat. pluit lapides or lapidibus

同様に、śapathaṃ śapati（彼は誓いをする）はśapathenaでも可。

【補足】
ヴェーダのマントラの古い語法では、ラテン語の〔動詞〕potiri（得る、支配する）やfungi（管理する）〔がabl.を取るの〕と違って、√pat（4類・A.；支配する、所有する）や√bhuj（7類・Ubhaya-；所有する、支配する）はinst.を取る。Delbrück 1867、p. 65をみよ。そこに提示された例に、以下のマントラを付け加えておく：Âçv. Grhy. 1, 23, 19 tanmāvatu tanmāviśatu tena bhukṣiṣīya