The fifth case or ablative serves to denote the whence, and is therefore the very opposite of the dative. Nevertheless both cases are formally identical in the dual and the plural. (*1) In the singular the form of the ablative often coincides with that of the genitive. It is but the ablatives in
For easiness’ sake we will treat of this case under four general heads, I abl. of separation, II abl. of distance, III abl. of origin and cause, IV abl. expressing „on what side.” In all of them, however, the unity of the fundamental conception is evident, and sometimes one may account for the same ablative in more than one way.
(*1)
In the dual the same form discharges even the functions of three: abl., instr. and dative. As we cannot doubt, that -bhyâm and -bhyas contain the same element -bhi, which is in the suffix -bhis and Greek -φι, it is upon the neuter territory of the instrumental, that the two contrarious conceptions of abl. and dat. must have met together.
第5格 / 奪格(pañcamī / ablative)は、「どこから」(whence)を表すことに資し、したがって、dat.の正反対である。しかれども、2つの格は、du.とpl.においては形式的に同一である(*1)。sg.では、abl.の語形はしばしばgen.のそれと一致する。〔格語尾が〕
簡便さのために、これをI. 分離のabl.、II. 距離のabl.、III. 起源・原因のabl.、IV. 「…の側に」を表すabl.、の4つの一般項の下に扱う。これら全てにおいて、実際には、明らかに主要概念が渾然とした状態にあり、同じabl.を1つ以上の仕方で説明しうることがある。
(*1)
du.では、同じ格語尾が3つの機能をも果たす:abl.とinst.とdat.である。〔du.inst. / dat. / abl.の〕