143. 8. Locative of time and circumstances.

8. The locative, which denotes the circumstances, under which the action comes to pass. So āpadi „in time of distress”, kāle „in due time,” bhāgyeṣu „in fortune” and the like. This kind of locative has a very great extension and encompasses also the locative of time as well as the absolute locative. The former denotes the time at which, the when, as dinedine (every day), varṣāsu (in the rainy season), niśāyām (at night), pratyūṣe (at daybreak), eṣu vāsareṣu (in these days), ādau (at the beginning) etc. Ch. Up, 3, 16, 2 etasminvayasi (in this age).

The latter occurs, if the circumstance under which is signified by two nouns, one of which is the predicate of the other. As the said noun-predicate generally is expressed by a participle, it is to the chapter on participles we refer for a full account of the absolute locative. Here it may suffice to point out by an evident example its close connexion with the locatives of circumstance and time.

Mudr. IV, p. 147 tvayy utkṛṣṭabale ‘bhiyoktari nṛpe nandānurakte pure / cāṇakye calitādhikāravimukhe maurye nave rājani / svādhīne mayi mārgamātrakathanavyāpārayogodyame / tvadvāñchāntaritāni samprati vibho tiṣṭhanti sādhyāni naḥ

thus freely translated by Wilson: »But let Your Highness weigh / these circumstances also…your forces are collected, / yourself, the heir legitimate of kings, / your adversary but a base usurper; / his very capital is hostile him, / in me you have a faithful guide at least; / and all appliances and means to boot / provided; nought remains but your command” (*1).

(*1)
Compare such locatives, which denote a circumstance by a single word, as in the proverb chidreṣvanarthā bahulī bhavanti (v. a. misfortune never comes singly), Panc. V, 103 naikaḥ supteṣu jāgṛyāt. They cannot be styled absolute locatives, but serve just the same purpose as those.

143. 8. 時間・状況を表すloc.

8. その下で行為が行われる状況を表すloc。āpadi（苦難の時に）、kāle（予定時刻に）、bhāgyeṣu（幸運に）など。この種のloc.は非常に幅広く、時間を表すloc.や絶対処格（absolute loc.）をもカバーする。前者は、dine dine（毎日）、varṣāsu（雨季に）、niśāyām（夜に）、pratyūṣe（夜明けに）、eṣu vāsareṣu（この頃）、ādau（始めに）など、「…に」（at）や「…の時に」（when）を表す。
Ch. Up, 3, 16, 2 etasmin vayasi (in this age)

後者は、状況が、一方がもう一方の述語である2つの名詞によって表される場合に発生する。上記の名詞述語はふつう分詞で表現されるため、絶対処格の完全な説明に関しては、分詞についての章（第5部）を参照されたし。ここでは、明確な例によって、状況・時間を表すloc.との密接な関係を指摘するだけで足りる。
Mudr. IV, p. 147 tvayyukṛṣṭabale ‘bhiyoktari nṛpe nandānurakte pure / cāṇakye calitādhikāravimukhe maurye nave rājati / svādhīce mayi mārgamātrakathanavyāpārayogodyame / tvadvācchāntaritāni samprati vibho tiṣṭhanti sādhyāni naḥ

これはWilson [1827]に、自由な感じで訳されている：”But let Your Highness weigh / these circumstances also…your forces are collected, / yourself, the heir legitimate of kings, / your adversary but a base usurper; / his very capital is hostile him, / in me you have a faithful guide at least; / and all appliances and means to boot / provided; nought remains but your command.”（*1）

（*1）
この諺chidreṣvanarthā bahulī bhavanti (v. a. misfortune never comes singly)のように、1単語で状況を表すようなloc.と比較せよ。
Panc. V, 103 naikaḥ supteṣu jāgṛyāt

これらはabs. loc.とは呼べないが、これらと同じ目的にのみ資する。