173. param, parastāt, parataḥ, pareṇa.

[12.] Akin to the old and obsolete paraḥ [160] classic Sanskrit possesses param, parastāt, parataḥ and pareṇa, all of them expressive of the notion beyond. When denoting space, they serve also to signify the passing by — especially pareṇa with accus. — and the surpassing — espec. parastāt with genit. When denoting time, they are = „after” and comply with ablative.

Examples: a.) of space and rank. Ait. Br. 8, 14, 3 ye ke ca pareṇa himavantaṃ janapadāḥ (all countries beyond the Himâlaya); Mhbh. 1, 232, 11 pareṇāsmān prehi (»pass by us”, v. a. »do not harm us”); Kâm. 5, 61 lakṣmīr evānvayo loke na lakṣmyāḥ parato ’nvayaḥ (— nor does noble extraction go beyond wealth); Malâv. I, p. 1 parastād yatīnām (who surpasses all ascetics).

b.) of time: »after.” M. 2, 122 abhivādāt param (after the salutation), Panc. V, 58 muhūrtāt parataḥ (after a moment), Utt. III, p. 88 stanyatyāgāt pareṇa (after leaving the breast). So the frequent phrases ataḥ param, tataḥ param and the like.

Rem. 1. Occasionally they occur, when being attended by a genit., even while time-denoting. M. 81 223 pareṇa daśāhasya [Kull. = daśāhād ūrdhvam], Ait. Br. 2, 33, 5 saṃvatsarasya parastāt.

Rem. 2. As param etc. answer to Latin ultra, so arvāk is the equivalent of Lat. citra, denoting the side next to us. When time-denoting, arvāk contrasted with param and the like is accordingly = »before;” then it may be construed with the ablative. M. 8, 30 pranaṣṭasvāmikaṃ rikathaṃ rājā tryabdaṃ nidhāpayet / arvāk tryabdād dharet svāmī pareṇa nṛpatir haret (property the owner of which has disappeared, must be guarded by the king for three years. Before that term, the owner may reclaim it, afterwards it falls to the king).

173. param・parastāt・parataḥ・pareṇa

[12.] 古く廃れたparaḥ（160）と同様に、古典サンスクリットにはparam、parastāt、parataḥ、pareṇaがあり、それらはすべて「…を越えて」の概念を表わす。空間を表す場合、これらは「…を通って」（特にacc.＋pareṇa）や「…をしのぐ」（gen.＋parastāt）を表すことにも資する。時間を表す場合、これらは「…の後に」と等しく、abl.に係る。

a.) 空間・序列
Ait. Br. 8, 14, 3 ye ke ca pareṇa himavantaṃ janapadāḥ (all countries beyond the Himâlaya)
Mhbh. 1, 232, 11 pareṇāsmān prehi (»pass by us”, v. a. »do not harm us”)
Kâm. 5, 61 lakṣmīr evānvayo loke na lakṣmyāḥ parato ’nvayaḥ (— nor does noble extraction go beyond wealth)
Malâv. I, p. 1 parastād yatīnām (who surpasses all ascetics)

b.) 時間
M. 2, 122 abhivādāt param (after the salutation)
Panc. V, 58 muhūrtāt parataḥ (after a moment)
Utt. III, p. 88 stanyatyāgāt pareṇa (after leaving the breast)

ataḥ paramやtataḥ paramなどのフレーズが頻出する。

【補足1】
gen.を伴う場合であっても時間を表すことがある。
M. 81 223 pareṇa daśāhasya [Kull. = daśāhād ūrdhvam]
Ait. Br. 2, 33, 5 saṃvatsarasya parastāt.

【補足2】
ラテン語の”ultra”に対応するparam等と同様に、arvākは、自分たちの隣を表すラテン語の”citra”と等しい。時間を表す場合、param等と反対のarvākは「…の前に」を表すことになり、abl.に係る。
M. 8, 30 pranaṣṭasvāmikaṃ rikathaṃ rājā tryabdaṃ nidhāpayet / arvāk tryabdād dharet svāmī pareṇa nṛpatir haret (property the owner of which has disappeared, must be guarded by the king for three years. Before that term, the owner may reclaim it, afterwards it falls to the king)