202. other gerunds.
Among the other gerunds, which may in some degree or other do duty of prepositions, we notice:
1. those, expressing concomitancy, as ādāya and gṛhītvā, when = „with;”
2. such as are expressive of separation, as muktvā, varjayitvā, parityajya sim., as they are = „save, except, but for;”
3. such as serve to denote the instrument, means, manner, in short, to periphrase the third case, as āsthāya, dvārīkṛtya, avalambya, adhiṣṭhāya;
4. vihāya and atītya when = Lat. prae „in preference to;”
5. ārabhya „since.”
ādāya, gṛhītvā.
Examples: of 1. — Çâk. III tataḥ praviśati kuśānādāya yajamānaśiṣyaḥ (enters a sacrificer’s disciple with kuçagrass); Panc. 173 vittamādāya samāyātaḥ (he came with money); R. 3, 24, 12 gṛhītvā vaidehīṃ… guhāmāśraya (retire with Sîtâ into a cavern). — They are especially of use to point out the attributes or tools one takes along. Panc. III, 143 sa [lubdhakaḥ] pañcarakam ādāya pāśaṃ ca laguḍaṃ tathā / nityam eva vanaṃ yāti; Kathâs. 21, 134.
muktvā, varjayitvā, parityajya.
of 2. — Panc. 203 dharmaḥ muktvā nānyā gatir asti (there is no other path, except duty); R. 1, 67, 19 nipetuś ca narāḥ sarve tena śabdena mohitāḥ / varjayitvā munivaraṃ rājānaṃ tau ca rāghavau (and all the people fell down, confounded by that sound, save Viçvâmitra, Janaka and the two Raghuides); Panc. 273 mayādhyainaṃ śṛgālaśiśuṃ parityajya na kiñcit sattvam āsāditam (I have caught to day not a single animal except this brat of a chacal).
varjam.
NB. Another implement of the same purport as muktvā etc. is -varjam, always making up the latter part of a compound adverb. Var. Bṛh. 47, 28 yad vistareṇa kathitaṃ munibhis tad asmin / sarvaṃ mayā nigaditaṃ punar uktavarjam (all that has been told at large by the old seers, I have explained, save the repetitions).
āsthāya.
of 3. — R. 1, 16, 2 upāyaḥ ko vadhe tasya rākṣasādhipateḥ surāḥ / yam ahaṃ taṃ samāsthāya nihanyāmṛṣikaṇṭakam (what way, ye gods, may lead to the death of that prince of Râxasas, by which means I may kill the disturber of holy men?); Mudr. IV, p. 136 na vayam amātyarākṣasadvāreṇa [cp. 196] kumāram āśrayāmahe kiṃ tu kumārasya senāpatiṃ dvārokṛtya (we do not approach the Prince by the interference of Minister Râxasa but by that of the Commander of the Prince’s Army); Mâlav. II, p. 45 rājā / dākṣiṇyam avalamvya = sadākṣiṇyam »courteously”.
Likewise the participle āsthita. Panc. I, 243 nṛpatir lokān pālayed yatnam āsthitaḥ = yatnena lokān pālayet.
vihāya and atītya.
of 4. — Çâk. II. mūrkha anyam eva bhāgadheyam ete nirvapanti yo ratnarāśīn api vihāyābhinandhyate (fool, these holy men strew about a quite different tribute, which has a greater value than even heaps of precious stones); R. 2, 94, 26 atītyaivottarān kurūn / parvataś citrakūṭo (Mount Citrakûta has even more roots, fruits and water than the land of the Hyperboreans).
of 5: have been given already 170.
anādṛtya, avaṣṭabhya, etc.
Rem. This list is not complete. It may happen that some more gerunds are occasionally to be rendered by English prepositions or prepositional phrases. So anādṛtya may admit of the translation »in spite of,” avaṣṭabhya may be = Lat. ob, as R. 3, 18, 15 where Çûrpaṇakhâ speaks so to Râma imāṃ virūpāṃ… vṛddhāṃ bhāryām avaṣṭabhya na mām tvaṃ bahu manyase (it is for that old and ugly wife you do not esteem me), etc.
202. 他の遊離分詞
その他の遊離分詞のうち、前置詞のはたらきをするものを述べておく：
1. 付随性を表すもの：ādāya・gṛhītvā＝「…を伴って」
2. 分離を表すもの：muktvā・varjayitvā・parityajya＝「…なしに」
3. 用具・手段・方法、すなわち第3格を迂言するもの：āsthāya・dvārīkṛtya・avalambya・adhiṣṭhāya
4. vihāya・atītya＝ラテン語”prae”＝「…に優先して」「…よりはむしろ」
5. ārabhya＝「…以来」
ādāya・gṛhītvā
1.
Çâk. III tataḥ praviśati kuśānādāya yajamānaśiṣyaḥ (enters a sacrificer’s disciple with kuçagrass)
Panc. 173 vittamādāya samāyātaḥ (he came with money); R. 3, 24, 12 gṛhītvā vaidehīṃ… guhāmāśraya (retire with Sîtâ into a cavern)
これらはとりわけ、付随する性質や道具を指示するのに役立つ。
Panc. III, 143 sa [lubdhakaḥ] pañcarakamādāya pāśaṃ ca laguḍaṃ tathā / nityam eva vanaṃ yāti
Kathâs. 21, 134.
muktvā・varjayitvā・parityajya
2.
Panc. 203 dharmaḥ muktvā nānyā gatir asti (there is no other path, except duty)
R. 1, 67, 19 nipetuś ca narāḥ sarve tena śabdena mohitāḥ / varjayitvā munivaraṃ rājānaṃ tau ca rāghavau (and all the people fell down, confounded by that sound, save Viçvâmitra, Janaka and the two Raghuides)
Panc. 273 mayādhyainaṃ śṛgālaśiśuṃ parityajya na kiñcit sattvam āsāditam (I have caught to day not a single animal except this brat of a chacal)
varjam
特記：muktvā等と同じはたらきをする他のものは、-varjamで、常に複合副詞の後分を成す。
Var. Bṛh. 47, 28 yad vistareṇa kathitaṃ munibhis tad asmin / sarvaṃ mayā nigaditaṃ punar uktavarjam (all that has been told at large by the old seers, I have explained, save the repetitions)
āsthāya.
3.
R. 1, 16, 2 upāyaḥ ko vadhe tasya rākṣasādhipateḥ surāḥ / yam ahaṃ taṃ samāsthāya nihanyāmṛṣikaṇṭakam (what way, ye gods, may lead to the death of that prince of Râxasas, by which means I may kill the disturber of holy men?)
Mudr. IV, p. 136 na vayam amātyarākṣasadvāreṇa [cp. 196] kumāram āśrayāmahe kiṃ tu kumārasya senāpatiṃ dvārokṛtya (we do not approach the Prince by the interference of Minister Râxasa but by that of the Commander of the Prince’s Army)
Mâlav. II, p. 45 rājā / dākṣiṇyam avalamvya = sadākṣiṇyam »courteously”
分詞āsthitaも同様。
Panc. I, 243 nṛpatir lokān pālayed yatnam āsthitaḥ = yatnena lokān pālayet
vihāya and atītya.
4.
Çâk. II. mūrkha anyam eva bhāgadheyam ete nirvapanti yo ratnarāśīn api vihāyābhinandhyate (fool, these holy men strew about a quite different tribute, which has a greater value than even heaps of precious stones)
R. 2, 94, 26 atītyaivottarān kurūn / parvataś citrakūṭo (Mount Citrakûta has even more roots, fruits and water than the land of the Hyperboreans)
5.
これについては170で扱った。
anādṛtya, avaṣṭabhya, etc.
【補足】
このリストは完全でない。英語の前置詞や前置詞的フレーズで翻訳される遊離分詞はもっと起こりうる。anādṛtyaは「…の代わりに」と訳せるし、avaṣṭabhyaはラテン語の"ob"ともできる。
R. 3, 18, 15 where Çûrpaṇakhâ speaks so to Râma imāṃ virūpāṃ… vṛddhāṃ bhāryām avaṣṭabhya na mām tvaṃ bahu manyase (it is for that old and ugly wife you do not esteem me)