206. Its gender and number.

The dvandva has the gender of its last member. Its number is determined by the real number of the persons or things, comprised by it. Panc. I, 4 ajātamṛtamūrkhebhyo mṛtājātau sutau varam (from the three classes of sons: 1 not born at all, 2 sons died, 3. blockheads, the first and second classes are to be preferred), ibid. p. 195 prāṇāntikaṃ sadaiva vāyasolūkānāṃ vairam (there always is a deadly hatred between crows and owls), Harshac. p. 28 nṛtyagotavāditreṣvabāhyāḥ (no strangers to dancing, singing and playing on instruments). As the number of the members is illimited, we may have such long dvandvas as f. i. Nala. 1, 28 vayaṃ hi devagandharvamānuṣoragarākṣasāndṛṣṭavantaḥ etc.

But if the dvandva is to represent a real unity or if not individuals but categories are linked together, it generally is á neuter and á singular. So it is said putrapautram (children and grandchildren), gavāśvam (kine and horses), ārāśastri (awl and knife).

Rem. 1. A full and exhaustive account on this subject is given by Pâṇini (2, 4, 2-17) and his commentators. They distinguish between those cases where the dvandva must be á singular and á neuter, those where it must not be so, and those in which it is allowed to use either idiom optionally. So, among others, the singular of the neuter is of necessity with dvandvas signifying parts either of the body or of musical instruments or of the army, as pāṇipādam, rāyikapādātam {P. 2, 4, 2.}, likewise if names of rivers and countries, when of different gender, are linked together, as gaṅgāśoṇam, kurukurukṣetram. {P. 2, 4, 7.} On the other hand, dvandvas made up of nouns denoting animate beings are not allowed to be put in the singular number, save a.) very small animals, as daṃśamaśakam {P. 2, 4, 8.}, b.) such as by their nature are living in eternal mutual enmity, as mārjāramūṣakam {P. 2, 4, 9.}, c.) classes of çûdras, not considered abject (*1), as takṣāyaskāram {P. 2, 4, 10.}, d.) some others as gavāśvam, putrapautram, śvacaṇḍālam, strīkumāram. {P. 2, 4, 11.} — Dvandvas of contrasting qualities or things are optionally put in the singular or in the dual, as sukhaduḥkham or -khe, śītoṣṇam or -ṣṇe. {P. 2, 4, 13.} And so on.

Rem. 2. It is forbidden to compound a genus with its species. See Pat, I, p. 252.

Rem. 3. Instead of the dvandva mātāpitarau the simple pitarau may be used {P. 1, 2, 70 and 71.} (so f. i. Ragh. 1, 1 jagataḥ pitarau vande pārvatīparameśvarau. Likewise śvaśurau is synonymous with śvaśrūśvaśurau, see f. i. Kathas. 58, 89. — Dvandvas = »brother and sister,” »son and daughter” are not used, here bhrātarau, putrau are of necessity. {P. 2, 1, 68.} — Cp. Latin soceri = socer et soclus, fratres = frater et soror.

Rem. 4. As to the order, to be followed in putting together the links of a dvandva, fixed rules cannot be given. {P. 2, 2, 32-34.} Yet it is common to put at the head either the themes ending in i or u, or those commencing by a vowel while ending in a, or the shortest.

(*1)
P. 2, 4, 10 śūdrāṇām aniravāsitānām. Kâç. yair bhukte saṃskāreṇāpi na śudhyati ta niravasitāḥ

206. dvandvaの性・数

dvandvaは、その最後の要素の性をもつ。数は、それが意味する人・物の実際の数により決まる。
Panc. I, 4 ajātamṛtamūrkhebhyo mṛtājātau sutau varam (from the three classes of sons: 1 not born at all, 2 sons died, 3. blockheads, the first and second classes are to be preferred)
ibid. p. 195 prāṇāntikaṃ sadaiva vāyasolūkānāṃ vairam (there always is a deadly hatred between crows and owls)
Harshac. p. 28 nṛtyagotavāditreṣvabāhyāḥ (no strangers to dancing, singing and playing on instruments)

要素の数は無制限である。以下のような長いdvandvaもある:
Nala. 1, 28 vayaṃ hi devagandharvamānuṣoragarākṣasāndṛṣṭavantaḥ

けれども、dvandvaが実際の結合を表す場合や個物ではなくカテゴリが連結される場合には、ふつうn.sg.である。よって例えばputrapautram(子と孫)、gavāśvam(牛馬)、ārāśastri(錐と短剣)など。

【補足1】
この主題に関する完全な説明はPāṇiniとその注釈者たちによって与えられている。彼らは、dvandvaがn.sg.である場合、n.sg.であってはならない場合、任意でどちらかを用いうる場合、を区別する。
n.sg.は、pāṇipādamrāyikapādātamのように、体・楽器・軍隊のいずれかの部分を意味するdvandvaで必要とされる。{P. 2, 4, 2.} gaṅgāśoṇamkurukurukṣetramのように、異なる文法的性をもつ河川や国の名前を連結して表す際も同様。{P. 2, 4, 7.}
一方で、生物を表す名詞から成るdvandvaは、以下の場合を除いてsg.で置くことが許されない:
a.) daṃśamaśakamのようなとても小さい動物 {P. 2, 4, 8.}
b.) mārjāramūṣakam(猫と鼠)のように、その性質上、永遠の闘争にあるもの {P. 2, 4, 9.}
c.) takṣāyaskāram(大工と鍛冶師)のような、卑しいものと見なされないシュードラの集団(*1) {P. 2, 4, 10.}
d.) gavāśvamputrapautramśvacaṇḍālamstrīkumāramなどのその他 {P. 2, 4, 11.}
—性質や物を対比するdvandvaは、sukhaduḥkham / -kheśītoṣṇam / -ṣṇeのように、任意でsg.かdu.かに置かれる。{P. 2, 4, 13.} などなど。

【補足2】
〔上位カテゴリである〕動物の属を〔その下位カテゴリの〕種と複合することは許されない。Pat, I, p. 252をみよ。

【補足3】
dvandvaのmātāpitarauの代わりに、単なるpitarauを用いることができる(よって例えばRagh. 1, 1 jagataḥ pitarau vande pārvatīparameśvarauとなる)。{P. 1, 2, 70-71} 同様に、śvaśurauśvaśrūśvaśurauと同義である。例としてはKathas. 58, 89をみよ。—「兄と妹」や「息子と娘」を表すdvandvaは用いられず、この場合にはbhrātarauputrauが必要となる。{P. 2, 1, 68} —ラテン語のsoceri(=socer et soclus)、fratres(=frater et soror)と比較せよ。

【補足4】
順序に関しては、dvandvaを用いる際に従うべき固定された規則を与えることができない。けれども、iuで終わるもの、語頭が母音で語尾がaのもの、〔複合される要素の中で〕最も短いもの、のいずれかがふつう先頭に置かれる。 {P. 2, 2, 32-34}

(*1)
P. 2, 4, 10 śūdrāṇām aniravāsitānām. Kâç. yair bhukte saṃskāreṇāpi na śudhyati ta niravasitāḥ