223.

Its members are to be called predicate and subject.

From a syntactic point of view, the bahuvrîhi, it may be made up of three, four or more elements, does contain but two members, virtually identical with the subject and the predicate of a full sentence, just as the tatpurusha represents a main noun with its attribute.

The predicate precedes, the subject is the latter member.

And, as within the tatpurusha the attribute is put at the head and the main noun behind (210), so within the bahuvrîhi the predicate precedes, the subject is the latter member. When analyzing f. i. the bahuvrîhi mahāvīryaḥ we get the clause yasya vīryaṃ mahat „he whose strength is great,” similarly sūryavarṇaḥ = yasyavarṇaḥ sūryasyeva „he whose colour is like the sun’s,” bhūtalanyastalocanaḥ is an epithet of somebody, whose eyes are fixed on the earth yasya bhūtale nyaste locane. In these examples, the words vīrya, varṇa, locana are the subjects within the bahuvrîhis, that which precedes them being the predicates.

Types of bahuvrîhis.

In treating of the tatpurushas we have distinguished between l. the karmadhârayas, 2. those the former member of which represents some noun-case, 3. where it is a particle. In an analogous way we may speak of three types of bahuvrîhis: a.) those, where there is grammatical concord between subject and predicate, b.) such, whose predicate is a noun-case, c.) such, where it is a particle.

Type a. — Here the predicate is mostly an adjective or a participle, as indraśatruḥ „having Indra for foe.” When adjective, the bahuvrîhi has generally the worth of Latin gen. or abl. qualitatis, or abl. modi. So vīrovyūḍhoraskaḥ — heros lato pectore, Panc. 62 saraḥ svalpatoyam = lacus exiguae aquae. When participle, the bahuvrîhi not rarely concurs with the gerund, the absolute locative and the like. It may as well be said tyaktanagaro ‘raṇyāyāhaṃ prātiṣṭhe as nagaraṃ tyaktvā or tyakte nagare- (I left the town and set out for the forest).

Those belonging to type b.) are such as aśvamukhaḥ (having a horse’s face), Panc. 71 saṃjīvako yuṣmatpādānām upari drohabuddhiḥ (Sanj. meditates of doing harm to Your Majesty), here drohabuddhiḥ = yasya drohāya (or drohe) buddhiḥ „whose mind is to do harm.”

Those belonging to type c.) are such as adhomukha (having one’s face cast down), antaḥsattva (pregnant), evaṃprabhāvo rājā (a king of such a power). Very common are those, commencing by a-, su-, duḥ-, as aputraḥ (having no sons), suputraḥ (having a good son or good sons).

Type a.) and c.) are much more common than type b.).

223. 承前

○bahuvrīhiの要素は主語・述語と呼ばれる

統語論的観点からすれば、bahuvrīhiは3つ以上の要素で構成され得る。そして、tatpuruṣaがその属性を持つ語の主名詞を表すのと同じように、文全体の主語・述語と事実上等しい、2つの要素を含む。

○述語が先行し、主語は後分になる

また、tatpuruṣaでは属性が頭に、主名詞が後ろに置かれるように（210）、bahuvrīhiでは述語が先行し、主語は後分になる。例えばbahuvrīhiのmahāvīryaḥを分析してみると、yasya vīryaṃ mahat（その強さが優れているところの彼）となる。同様に、sūryavarṇaḥはyasyavarṇaḥ sūryasyeva（その色が太陽に似ているところの彼）。地面を凝視する者を形容してbhūtalanyastalocanaḥ＝yasya bhūtale nyaste locaneなど。これらの例でのvīrya、varṇa、locanaは述語に先行する、bahuvrīhiにおける主語である。

○bahuvrīhiの種類

tatpuruṣaを扱うにあたって、1. karmadhāraya、2. 前分が名詞-格のもの、3. 前分が不変化辞のもの、を区別した。同様に、bahuvrīhiの3区分について述べる：a.) 主語と述語の間に性・数・格の一致があるもの、b.) 述語が名詞-格のもの、c.) 述語が不変化辞のもの、の3つである。

a.) 述語はほとんど形容詞か分詞である：indraśatruḥ（インドラを敵として持つ）。形容詞の場合、bahuvrīhiはふつう、ラテン語におけるgen.・性質を表すabl.・仕方を表すabl.の性質を持つ。よって、vīrovyūḍhoraskaḥはラテン語だと”heros lato pectore”、Panc. 62 saraḥ svalpatoyamは”lacus exiguae aquae”、のように対応する。分詞の場合、bahuvrīhiは、遊離分詞（gerund）・絶対処格（abs. loc.）等と一致することが稀ではない。なので、tyaktanagaro ‘raṇyāyāhaṃ prātiṣṭhe（私は街を出て森に向かった）はnagaraṃ tyaktvāやtyakte nagare-でも同じい。

b.) aśvamukhaḥ（馬の顔を持つ）など。
Panc. 71 saṃjīvako yuṣmatpādānām upari drohabuddhiḥ (Sanj. meditates of doing harm to Your Majesty)
このdrohabuddhiḥはyasya drohāya (drohe) buddhiḥ（傷つける心）と等しい。

c.) adhomukha（下に向いた顔を持つ）、antaḥsattva（妊婦）、evaṃprabhāvo rājā（そのような力の王）など。頻繁に用いられるのはa-、su-、duḥ-で始まるもの：aputraḥ（息子を持たない）、suputraḥ（良い息子を持つ）。

a.)とc.)はb.)よりも一般的である。