240. Adverbs.

Sanskrit adverbs, as far as they are not old words of uncertain and forgotten origin — as muhuḥ, drāk, mṛṣā, makṣu, alam and the like — are noun-cases either distinctly felt as such or in some degree petrified. The accusative of the neuter singular is as a rule employed, if adjectives be wanted to act as adverbs (*1) (55).

Bahuvrîhis, like other adjectives, may do duty of adverbs, when put in the accus. of the neuter. Daç. 169 amuṃ ca… ātmanirviśeṣaṃ pupoṣa (and he took no less care for him as for himself); Panc. 55 iti vadatyāṃ mātari rājaputrī bhayalajjānatānanaṃ (as her mother spoke thus, the princess lowered her head for fear and shame and said); Çâk. I grīvābhaṅgābhir āmaṃ muhur anupatati syan dane dattadṛṣṭiḥ ([the stag] runs on casting now and then a look on the chariot so as to cause to turn its neck ever so neatly); Âçv. Grhy. 1, 9, 1 pāṇigrahaṇādi gṛhyaṃ paricaret here the first word is an adverb »from his marriage, beginning with his marriage.”

When derived from substantives, the adverbs are mostly modal instrumentals and ablatives (77, 104). Daç.136 smar asi kim adyāpy āyathātathyena mayoktapūrvam, here āyathātathyena = »falsely;” R. 3, 61, 20 nikhilena »wholly”. Likewise paryāyeṇa »alternately,” lolayā »jokingly,” etc., and ablatives, as haṭhāt, svabhāvāt.

(*1)
Adverbs are styled kriyāviśeṣaṇāni »attributes of verbs.” The acc. neuter of an adjective, when used adverbially, is named karma kriyāviśeṣaṇam see f. i. Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 33.

240. 副詞

サンスクリットにおける副詞は、起源が不確かであるか忘れられたもの―muhuḥ、drāk、mṛṣā、makṣu、alamなど―でない限りは、素直に感ぜられるそのままか、あるいは、ある程度硬直した〔意味内容〕のどちらかである。形容詞が副詞としての働きを要請されるときには、概してn.sg.acc.が用いられる（55）（*1）。

他の形容詞のようなbahuvrīhiは、n.acc.で置かれるとき、副詞の役割を果たしうる。
Daç. 169 amuṃ ca… ātmanirviśeṣaṃ pupoṣa (and he took no less care for him as for himself)
Panc. 55 iti vadatyāṃ mātari rājaputrī bhayalajjānatānanaṃ (as her mother spoke thus, the princess lowered her head for fear and shame and said)
Çâk. I grīvābhaṅgābhir āmaṃ muhur anupatati syan dane dattadṛṣṭiḥ ([the stag] runs on casting now and then a look on the chariot so as to cause to turn its neck ever so neatly)
Âçv. Grhy. 1, 9, 1 pāṇigrahaṇādi gṛhyaṃ paricaret »from his marriage, beginning with his marriage.”

最後の例文では、最初の語が副詞である。

実名詞から派生する場合、ほとんど、副詞は方法を表すinst.・abl.である（77, 104）。
Daç.136 smar asi kim adyāpy āyathātathyena mayoktapūrvam

ここでのāyathātathyenaは「不正に」という意味である。また、R. 3, 61, 20 nikhilenaは「完全に」である。同様に、paryāyeṇaは「交互に」、lolayāは「おどけて」など。abl.ではhaṭhāt、svabhāvātなど。

（*1）
副詞はkriyāviśeṣaṇāni（動詞の性質を表す語）と呼ばれる。副詞的に用いられる場合の形容詞のn.acc.はkarma kriyāviśeṣaṇamと名付けられている。Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 33をみよ。