259. tvam and bhavân.

The pronoun of the 2nd person is used without respect to social relations; the singular tvam is applied to superiors as well as to equals and to inferiors. The only case of yuvam denoting a single individual is mentioned before (24).

Yet, when addressing in a polite manner, one avails one’s self of bhavan f. bhavatī, plur. bhavantaḥ, f. bhavatyaḥ — being a popular reduction both in form and meaning of bhagavān „Lord”. Like Spanish Usted, Italian Ella, bhavān though being exponent of the second person, does agree with the 3rd person of the verb, therefore kiṃ karoti bhavān (bhavatī), when addressing one, kiṃ kurvanti bhavantaḥ (bhavatyaḥ), when addressing more (*1).

Rem. Both modes of expressing the 2d person, either by the pronoun tvam or by the title bhavān may be used promiscuously. It is very common to see them used alternately. Panc. 73 Damanaka says to the lion saṃjīvakaḥ śaṣpabhojī bhavān māṃ sādas tava prakṛtayaś ca ([the bull] Sanj. is an herbivorous animal, but you [bhavān] and your [tava] subjects feed on flesh); Kathâs. 30, 17 gāndharvavidhinā] bhāryāṃ kuryād dhavān imām (make her your wife by the Gândharva-rite, in this way she will become yours). In the first book of the Hitopadeça (p. 35 of B. K. Vidyâratna’s ed.) the sly cat thus addresses the blind vulture yuṣmān dharmajñānaratānviśvāsabhūmaya iti pakṣiṇaḥ sarve sarvadā mamāgre prastuvanti / ato bhavadbhyo vidyāvayovṛddhebhyo dharmaṃ śrotum ihāgataḥ [aham], as to the plural yuṣmān, bhavadbhyaḥ see 24.

(*1)
Instances of bhavān construed with the 2nd person of the verb are extremely rare and the idiom undoubtedly vicious. So Çânkh. Grhy. 2, 2, 8 brahmacāro bhavān brūhi, instead of bravītu or brūtām »say, you are a brahmacârin.”

259. tvam・bhavān

二人称の代名詞は、社会的関係を顧慮せずに用いられる；単数のtvamは目上にも目下にも適用される。yuvamが単一の個人を表す唯一のケースは既に述べた（24）。

けれども、畏まった仕方で呼びかける場合には、bhagavān（＝主）の一般的な短縮形としてのbhavan（f. bhavatī, m.pl. bhavantaḥ, f. bhavatyaḥ）を使うことができる。スペイン語の”usted”やイタリア語の”ella”のように、〔サンスクリットの〕bhavānは二人称を表すものであるが、〔形態としては〕動詞の三人称に一致する。したがって、1人に呼びかける場合はkiṃ karoti bhavān (bhavatī)、それ以上だとkiṃ kurvanti bhavantaḥ (bhavatyaḥ)となる（*1）。

【補足】
代名詞tvamか敬称bhavānかのどちらかによって二人称を表す方法は、どちらも無差別に用いられうる。それらを交互に用いることは非常によく見られる。
Panc. 73 Damanaka says to the lion saṃjīvakaḥ śaṣpabhojī bhavān māṃ sādas tava prakṛtayaś ca ([the bull] Sanj. is an herbivorous animal, but you [bhavān] and your [tava] subjects feed on flesh)
Kathâs. 30, 17 gāndharvavidhinā] bhāryāṃ kuryād dhavān imām (make her your wife by the Gândharva-rite, in this way she will become yours)
Hit. book 1（p. 35 of B. K. Vidyâratna’s ed.）the sly cat thus addresses the blind vulture yuṣmān dharmajñānaratānviśvāsabhūmaya iti pakṣiṇaḥ sarve sarvadā mamāgre prastuvanti / ato bhavadbhyo vidyāvayovṛddhebhyo dharmaṃ śrotum ihāgataḥ [aham]

pl.のyuṣmānやbhavadbhyaḥについては24を見よ。

（*1）
動詞の二人称を伴うbhavānの用例は極めて稀であり、そのような語法は間違いなく誤りである。
Çânkh. Grhy. 2, 2, 8 brahmacāro bhavān brūhi, instead of bravītu or brūtām »say, you are a brahmacârin.’’