275. The pronoun sa and its employment.

sa likewise points at somebody or something known, and therefore, like ayam, it is fit for doing duty of the pronoun he, she, it. Yet, they are not synonymous. Like Greek, especially Homeric, ὁ, ἡ, τό, it signifies, that the person or thing referred to is well-known, or has been named just before, or will be named forthwith. It is therefore never an enclitic, and is sometimes = Lat. ille, sometimes = is „the afore said.” Hence its fitness to be rendered by „the.” When referring to the relative ya, it may be equivalent to „he,” German derjenige. It is also used to indicate the changing of the subject, f. i. sa āha or so ‘py āha = „the other said, answered.” Yet it may as well point at the same throughout a succession of sentences, in which case one is inclined to put it at the head, as Daç. 12 vāmadevanāmānaṃ tapodhanaṃ jagāma / taṃ praṇamya tena kṛtātithyas tasmai kayitakṛtyas tadāśrame… kaṃcit kālam uṣitvā… munim abhāṣata; Nala. 1, 5 Bhîma king of Vidarbha has been named, it follows sa prajārthe paraṃ yatnam akarot… tam abhyagacchat brahmarṣirdamano nāma… taṃ [viz. damanaṃ] sa bhīmaḥ [the aforesaid Bh.] prajākāmas toṣayām āsa… tasmai prasanno damano varaṃ dadau. Cp. also the examples adduced 271, 3°.

Examples: 1. of sa = ille (the well-known, the famous). Çâk. VII tatkoṭimatkuntiśamābharaṇaṃ maghonaḥ (the renowned thunderbolt, Indra’s attribute, Lat. fulmen illud Jovis).

2. sa = »the afore said.” Çâk. IV Kanva says to Çakuntalâ yayāter iva śarmiṣṭhā bhartur bahumatā bhava / sutaṃ tvam api saṃrājaṃ seva pūrum avāpnuh, here seva „as she” means of course Çarmishthâ.; Kathâs. 27, 109 upādhyāyasya kasyacit / brāhmaṇasyābhavan śiṣyāḥ sapta brāhmaṇaputrakāḥ / (110) sa tān śiṣyānupādhyāyo dhenuṃ durbhikṣadoṣataḥ / gomataḥ śvaśurād ekāṃ yācituṃ prāhiṇottataḥ / (111) te ca gatvānyadeśasthaṃ durbhikṣakṣāmukukṣayaḥ / taṃ tadgirā tac chvaśuraṃ tac chiṣyā gāṃ yayācire / (112) so ‘pi vṛttikarīm ekāṃ dhenuṃ tebhyaḥ samarpayat (some teacher of the brâhmana class had seven disciples, brâhmanas they too. Once because of famine he despatched these disciples to beg one cow from his father-in-law, who was rich in cows. They set out, suffering much from hunger, to the foreign country, where dwelled that man, and begged a cow of the father-in-law of their teacher, in his name. The father-in-law gave them one, fit to procure [them] a livelihood). Here we have several instances of sa referring to something mentioned before, and even such accumulation as in vs. 111 te… taṃ tadgirā etc., te pointing at the disciples, taṃ at the father-in-law, tat- at the teacher. It is, indeed, always allowed to employ sa many times in the same sentence, though pointing at different persons or things, f. i. Mhbh. 1, 2, 395 yo gośataṃ kanakaśṛṅgam ayaṃ dadāti / viprāya vedaviduṣe ca bahuśrutāya / paṇyāṃ ca bhāratakathāṃ śṛṇuyāc ca nityam / tulyaṃ phalaṃ bhavati tasya ca tasya caiva, the last words mean: »of the one as well as of the other.”

3. sa when adj. = »the.” R. 3, 35, 27 a tall fig-tree is described, whose branches are of enormous size: tatrāpaśyat… nyagrodham… samantādyasya tāḥ śākhāḥ [»the branches of which]” śatayojanam āyatāḥ; Utt. II, p. 29 one asks atha sa rājā kim ācāraḥ saṃprati (but what is the king doing now ?) another answers tena rājñā kraturaśvasedha prakrāntaḥ (the king has commenced an açvamedha).

4. sa in correlation with ya = Germ. derjenige. Mhbh. 1, 74, 40 sā bhāryā yā gṛhe dakṣā sā bhāryā yā prajāvato. Generally the relative clause precedes, see 452, 2nd and 455.

Rem. Now and then sa refers to persons or things not expressed, but only implied by the foregoing. Mhbh. 11 adhy. 157 it is told, that Kuntî and her strong son Bhîmasena hear cries of distress in the house of the worthy brahman, whose hospitality they are enjoying of. Though the family of the brahman has not been named in the foregoing, vs. 10 introduces them by the pronoun tān. The same idiom exists in Latin.

275. 代名詞saとその用法

同様に、saは何らかの人や物を指す。よってayamと同じように、英語の代名詞he、she、itの役割をするに適している。けれどもこれらは同義語ではない。ギリシャ語（とりわけホメロス風）のὁ、ἡ、τό（*訳注）のように、言及される人や物がよく知られていること、直前に言及されていること、すぐに言及されること、を表す。そのため、決して前接語ではなく、時にはラテン語のilleやis（「前述の」）と等しく、しかして冠詞theで翻訳することができる。関係詞yaに言及する場合は英語のheやドイツ語のderjenigeと等しい。また、sa āha、so ‘py āha（「他の者は言う」）など、主語が変わることを表すためにも用いられる。一連の文を通して同じ〔主語の転換を〕指示することもできるが、その場合は文頭に置かれる傾向がある。
Daç. 12 vāmadevanāmānaṃ tapodhanaṃ jagāma / taṃ praṇamya tena kṛtātithyas tasmai kayitakṛtyas tadāśrame… kaṃcit kālam uṣitvā… munim abhāṣata
Nala. 1, 5 Bhîma king of Vidarbha has been named, it follows sa prajārthe paraṃ yatnam akarot… tam abhyagacchat brahmarṣirdamano nāma… taṃ [viz. damanaṃ] sa bhīmaḥ [the aforesaid Bh.] prajākāmas toṣayām āsa… tasmai prasanno damano varaṃ dadau

271-3の例も見よ。

1. sa = ille（よく知られた～、有名な～）
Çâk. VII tatkoṭimatkuntiśamābharaṇaṃ maghonaḥ (the renowned thunderbolt, Indra’s attribute, Lat. fulmen illud Jovis)

2. sa = 「前述の」
Çâk. IV Kanva says to Çakuntalâ yayāter iva śarmiṣṭhā bhartur bahumatā bhava / sutaṃ tvam api saṃrājaṃ seva pūrum avāpnuh, here seva „as she” means of course Çarmishthâ.;
Kathâs. 27, 109 upādhyāyasya kasyacit / brāhmaṇasyābhavan śiṣyāḥ sapta brāhmaṇaputrakāḥ / (110) sa tān śiṣyānupādhyāyo dhenuṃ durbhikṣadoṣataḥ / gomataḥ śvaśurād ekāṃ yācituṃ prāhiṇottataḥ / (111) te ca gatvānyadeśasthaṃ durbhikṣakṣāmukukṣayaḥ / taṃ tadgirā tac chvaśuraṃ tac chiṣyā gāṃ yayācire / (112) so ‘pi vṛttikarīm ekāṃ dhenuṃ tebhyaḥ samarpayat (some teacher of the brâhmana class had seven disciples, brâhmanas they too. Once because of famine he despatched these disciples to beg one cow from his father-in-law, who was rich in cows. They set out, suffering much from hunger, to the foreign country, where dwelled that man, and begged a cow of the father-in-law of their teacher, in his name. The father-in-law gave them one, fit to procure [them] a livelihood)

既知のことを指示するsaの種々の例があるが、詩節111（te… taṃ tadgirā）などのように、teが弟子を指していたり、taṃが義父を指していたり、tat-が先生を指していたりするように、そのような多重使用（accumulation）もある。確かに、同じ文の中で異なる人や物を指していながら何度もsaを使うことは常に許されている。
Mhbh. 1, 2, 395 yo gośataṃ kanakaśṛṅgam ayaṃ dadāti / viprāya vedaviduṣe ca bahuśrutāya / paṇyāṃ ca bhāratakathāṃ śṛṇuyāc ca nityam / tulyaṃ phalaṃ bhavati tasya ca tasya caiva, the last words mean: »of the one as well as of the other.”

3. 副詞的sa（= the）
R. 3, 35, 27 a tall fig-tree is described, whose branches are of enormous size: tatrāpaśyat… nyagrodham… samantādyasya tāḥ śākhāḥ [»the branches of which]” śatayojanam āyatāḥ
Utt. II, p. 29 one asks atha sa rājā kim ācāraḥ saṃprati (but what is the king doing now ?) another answers tena rājñā kraturaśvasedha prakrāntaḥ (the king has commenced an açvamedha)

4. yaと相互関係にあるsa（＝Germ. derjenige）
Mhbh. 1, 74, 40 sā bhāryā yā gṛhe dakṣā sā bhāryā yā prajāvato

ふつう関係節が先行する。452-2と455をみよ。

【補足】
古今saは、表現されておらず、前の文から暗示されるのみの人やものを指示する。Mhbh. 11巻157には、Kuntīとその強壮なる息子Bhīmasenaは、彼らが歓待を受けている立派なバラモンの家で、苦悩の叫びを聞いた、とある。先行節ではバラモンの家族の名は挙げられていないが、詩節10で代名詞tānにより導入されている。同様の語法がラテン語にも存在する。

（*訳注）
ὁ、ἡ、τό：
ὁ (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)；(rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) = “the”