281. Indefinites.
At the outset ka was both an interrogative and an indefinite pronoun, cp. Lat. quis, Gr. τίς and τὶς. In classic Sanskrit it has occasionally still the function of an indefinite; yet, as a rule, ka is then combined with some particle: cit or api or cana. Hence kaścit, kaścana, ko ‘pi are the proper indefinite pronouns, expressing some(any)body, some(any)thing; some, any. To them we must add eka for this word, properly meaning „one,” does not rarely duty as an indefinite, and is to be rendered by „some” and even by the so-called article „a.” — sarva is „every; all.”
kaścit, etc. and eka.
Instances of kaścit, kaścana, ko’pi (*1) it is superfluous to give. As to eka = »a.” R. 2 , 63, 32 ahaṃ caikeṣuṇā hataḥ (I am hit by an arrow), Daç. 25 kadācid ekasmin kāntāre madauyasahacaragaṇena jighāṃsyamānaṃ bhūsuram ekam avalokya (once in some forest I saw some brahman being about to be hurt by the crowd of my companions). Even kaścit etc. may be = »a”: Daç. 132 sā kaṃcitsutaṃ sūtavato (she was delivered of a son). It is consistent, that eka may also be combined with some other indefinite. Kathâs. 27, 89 kasyāpy ekasya baṇijaḥ sādhuḥ karmakaro gṛhe (an honest servant in the house of some merchant), Panc. 9 ekasya kasyacic chilpanaḥ.
Kathâs. 1, 56 may be an instance of the sole ka, bearing the character of an indefinite: nānyo jānāti kaḥ (and nobody else knows it). Cp. R. 2, 32, 42 vṛṇīṣva kiṃ ced aparaṃ vyavasyasi (choose something else, if you have made up your mind).
viśva.
Rem. 1. The old dialect possessed a synonym of sarva, viz. viśva in the classic language it is no more used, save in some standing phrases as viśve devāḥ, being the name of some special class of deities, viśvaṃ jagat or simply viśvam „the Universe.”
sarva.
Rem. 2 sarva is = »every” and »each,” sarvaḥ »everybody,” sarvam »everything.” Nala. 20, 6 sarvaḥ sarvaṃ na jānāti sarvajño nāsti kaścana (not everybody does know everything, nobody is omniscient).
(*1)
According to the Petrop. Dict. the indefinite pronoun ko ’pi was made in a latter period than the other combinations, as it does not occur in the older literature, Manu included (see. II, p. 6 s. v. ka). Yet in the Mahâbhârata and the Râmayaṇa ko’pi and such adverbs as kvāpi, katham api are as well met with as those in -cit and -cana. R. 2, 52, 45 ka and api are separated by ca, ahaṃ kiṃ cāpi vakṣyāmi.
281. 不定代名詞
当初は、kaは疑問代名詞と不定代名詞の両方であった(ラテン語のquisや古代ギリシャ語のτίς(疑問代名詞)およびτῐς(不定代名詞)と比較せよ)。古典サンスクリットでは、まだ時折、不定代名詞の機能がある。けれども原則として、kaはcitやapi、canaのうち何れかの不変化辞と結びついている。よってkaścitやkaścana、ko ‘piは、〈some(any)body, some(any)thing; some, any〉を表すのに適した不定代名詞(indefinite pronoun)である。これら〔3つの不定代名詞〕に、不定代名詞として働くことの珍しくない語ekaを加えねばならない。ekaは正しくは「1つ」(one)という意味であるが、「或る」(some)や英語の冠詞"a"によっても翻訳される。また、sarvaは「あらゆる」(every)や「全ての」(all)を表す。
○kaścit等とeka
kaścitやkaścana、ko ‘pi(*1)の用例を上げることは不要である。冠詞a的ekaについては以下の通り:
R. 2 , 63, 32 ahaṃ caikeṣuṇā hataḥ (I am hit by an arrow)
Daç. 25 kadācid ekasmin kāntāre madauyasahacaragaṇena jighāṃsyamānaṃ bhūsuram ekam avalokya (once in some forest I saw some brahman being about to be hurt by the crowd of my companions)
kaścit等も冠詞a的に用いられうる:
Daç. 132 sā kaṃcitsutaṃ sūtavato (she was delivered of a son)
ekaを他の不定代名詞と組み合わせることができる、という点は一貫している。
Kathâs. 27, 89 kasyāpyekasya baṇijaḥ sādhuḥ karmakaro gṛhe (an honest servant in the house of some merchant)
Panc. 9 ekasya kasyacic chilpanaḥ
Kathâs. 1, 56は不定代名詞的性質をもつkaが単独で用いられる例である:nānyo jānāti kaḥ (and nobody else knows it)。Cp. R. 2, 32, 42 vṛṇīṣva kiṃ ced aparaṃ vyavasyasi (choose something else, if you have made up your mind)
viśva.
【補足1】
古い方言はsarvaの同義語viśvaを持つ。古典サンスクリットではもはや用いられず、viśve devāḥ(神々のある特殊な集まりを言うもの。viśvaṃ jagatや単純にviśvamなどとも)のようないくつかの定型句に残っている。
sarva.
【補足2】
sarvaは、「あらゆる」(every)、「それぞれの」(each)の意味であり、sarvaḥは「皆」(everybody)、sarvamは「あらゆるもの」(everything)などとなる。
Nala. 20, 6 sarvaḥ sarvaṃ na jānāti sarvajño nāsti kaścana (not everybody does know everything, nobody is omniscient)
(*1)
BöhtlingkのSanskrit Wörterbuchによれば、不定代名詞ko ’piは他の組み合わせ〔kaścitとkaścana〕よりも後の時代に作られたもので、マヌ法典を含む古い文献には現れない(II, p. 6 s. v. ka)という。けれどもMahābhārataとRāmayaṇaにおいて、ko ’piとkvāpi、katham apiのような副詞は、-citや-canaで終わるものと同じくらい見られる。例えば、R. 2, 52, 45では、kaとapiがcaによって分断され、ahaṃ kiṃ cāpi vakṣyāmiとなっている。