283. „Other” how expressed.

There are several words for „other”, viz. anya, apara, para, itara. Of these anyaṃ is the most common and has the most general meaning.

1. anya generally denotes »somebody or something else.” In such phrases as anyasminn ahani, »once on a day” it is almost = kaścit. Yet it may also signify »the other.” So Hit. 102 when a messenger wishes to speak secretly to the king, the king removes his attendance tato rājā mantrī ca sthitau tatra / anye ‘nyatra gatāḥ (— the others withdrew).

2. apara properly means »the subsequent, the following;” hence it has got also the meaning of »other,” but commonly it retains its proper nature of signifying what is named in the second place. Mṛcch. I, p. 55 iyaṃ sā radanikā / iyam aparā kā (this is Radanikâ, but this other, who is she?).

3. para is etymologically related to our far, and accordingly it serves also to denote the opposite of sva. Hence it displays all shades of meaning, as are directly opposite to the notion of »own, proper.” It may be sometimes = »’strange’ and »stranger,” sometimes = »enemy,” sometimes also when used in a broader sense = »other.” Nala. 3, 8 kathaṃ nu jātasaṃkalpaḥ striyam utsahate pumān parārthamīdṛśaṃ vaktum (how should a man bear to speak in this way for the sake of another to a woman, whom he desires for himself ?). Mṛcch. I, p. 55 na yuktaṃ parakalatradarśanam (it does not become a man to look on the wife of his neighbour). Its adjective parakīya = alienus. Çâk. IV artho hi kanyā parakīya eva (a daughter is a possession one cannot call one’s own).

4. itara, the comparative of the pronominal root i, bears a strong affinity to Latin alter. It is used, indeed, to signify »the one” and »the other” of two. Bṛh. Âr. Up. 1, 4, 4 baḍavetarābhavad aśvavṛṣa itaraḥ, cp. M. 4, 137, Kathās. 19, 60. When dual or plural, it denotes the other of two parties. Mṛcch. I, p. 38 brahmakṣatraviśastaranti ca yayā nāvā tayaivetare, Mudr. V, p.184 teṣāṃ madhye ye trayaḥ pradhānatamā madīyāṃ bhūmiṃ kāmayante te… / itarau tu dvau hastibalakāmau hastinaiva ghātyetāṃ. — Cp. 217, 2.

Rem. 1. To the foresaid pronouns we may add bhinna »different,” as it sometimes may be rendered by „other.” Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 29 bhinno devadattāt = anyo devadattāt.

Rem. 2. apara and anya, when qualifying some noun, may be used in a somewhat particular manner. Panc. p. 77 contains the story of the jackal who, being hunted by a band of dogs, fled to some dyer’s and there jumped into a pot filled with dye. As he got out, he had got a blue colour, tatrāpare sārameyāstaṃ sṛgālamajānanto yathābhīṣṭadiśaṃ jagmuḥ. Here apare sārameyāḥ means »the other, namely the dogs,” not „the other dogs.” Compare ibid. p. 83 kasmiṃścid vanoddeśe siṃhaḥ prativasati sma / tasya cānucarā anye dvīpivāyasagomāyavaḥ santi. Here anye does not mean »other panters etc.,” but »others, namely a panter, a crow and a jackal.” Cp. R. 2, 71, 61 anyā vidhavā = »some widow;” Schol. anyetyasya vivaraṇaṃ vidhaveti. — The same idiom exists in Latin and Greek, f. i. Od. β, 411 μήτηρ δ᾽ ἐμὴ οὔ τι πέπυσται, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλαι δμωαί.

283. 「他の」（other）の他の表現方法

「他のもの」（other）を表すいくつかの語がある。すなわち、anya、apara、para、itaraである。これらのうちanyaṃが最もありふれていて、かつ、最も一般的（general）意味を持っている。

1. anyaはふつう〈他の誰か／何か〉を表す。anyasminn ahani（別の日に）のような句では、〔anyaは〕ほとんどkaścitであるが、「他の」をも意味しうる。
Hit. 102 when a messenger wishes to speak secretly to the king, the king removes his attendance tato rājā mantrī ca sthitau tatra / anye ‘nyatra gatāḥ (— the others withdrew)

2. aparaは正しく「次の」（the subsequent）や「以下の」（the following）を意味し、したがって、「他の」（other）の意味をも持つ。しかしながら、2番目にあるものを指示するという本来の性質は、ふつう保たれている。
Mṛcch. I, p. 55 iyaṃ sā radanikā / iyam aparā kā (this is Radanikâ, but this other, who is she?)

3. paraは、語源学的には英語のfarとも関係し、そういうわけでsvaの反対のことを表すのにも役立つ。したがってparaは、「自身の」（own）や「固有の」（proper）の概念とは反対のあらゆるニュアンスを表示する。時には「奇妙な」（strange）と「奇妙な人」（stranger）を、またある時には「敵」を、そのまたある時にはより広い意味で「他の」として用いられる場合がある。
Nala. 3, 8 kathaṃ nu jātasaṃkalpaḥ striyam utsahate pumān parārthamīdṛśaṃ vaktum (how should a man bear to speak in this way for the sake of another to a woman, whom he desires for himself ?)
Mṛcch. I, p. 55 na yuktaṃ parakalatradarśanam (it does not become a man to look on the wife of his neighbour)
Çâk. IV artho hi kanyā parakīya eva (a daughter is a possession one cannot call one’s own)（adj. parakīya = Lat. alienus）

4. itaraは代名詞の語根iの比較級であり、ラテン語のalterとは強い親近性をもつ。まさに二者間の「或る一つ」（the one）や「もう一方」（the other）を表すために用いられる。
Bṛh. Âr. Up. 1, 4, 4 baḍavetarābhavad aśvavṛṣa itaraḥ
du.やpl.の場合、2つの集団のうちの一方を表す（217-2）。
Mṛcch. I, p. 38 brahmakṣatraviśastaranti ca yayā nāvā tayaivetare
Mudr. V, p.184 teṣāṃ madhye ye trayaḥ pradhānatamā madīyāṃ bhūmiṃ kāmayante te… / itarau tu dvau hastibalakāmau hastinaiva ghātyetāṃ

cp. M. 4, 137, Kathās. 19, 60.

【補足1】
前述の代名詞に、「別の」（other）として訳されることがあるものとしてbhinna（「異なる」）を加えておく。
Kâç. on P. 2, 3, 29 bhinno devadattāt = anyo devadattāt

【補足2】
いくつかの名詞を修飾する場合のaparaとanyaは、何かしら特別な仕方で用いられる。
Panc. p. 77 contains the story of the jackal who, being hunted by a band of dogs, fled to some dyer’s and there jumped into a pot filled with dye. As he got out, he had got a blue colour, tatrāpare sārameyāstaṃ sṛgālamajānanto yathābhīṣṭadiśaṃ jagmuḥ

ここでapare sārameyāḥは「他の者＝犬たち」であり、「他の犬たち」でない。以下とも引き比べよ：
ibid. p. 83 kasmiṃścid vanoddeśe siṃhaḥ prativasati sma / tasya cānucarā anye dvīpivāyasagomāyavaḥ santi

ここでanyeは「他のヒョウ等」でなく、「他の者たち＝ヒョウ、カラス、ジャッカル」を意味する。
Cp. R. 2, 71, 61 anyā vidhavā = »some widow;’’ Schol. anyetyasya vivaraṇaṃ vidhaveti

同じ語法がラテン語と古代ギリシャ語にもある。
Od. β, 411 μήτηρ δ᾽ ἐμὴ οὔ τι πέπυσται, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλαι δμωαί （*訳注）

(*訳注)
“My mother knows naught hereof, nor the handmaids either: one only heard my word.”
Homer. The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.