288. Pronominal adverbs.

The pronominal adverbs may be divided into four main classes: 1. those in -tra, doing duty as locatives, 2. those in -taḥ, mostly doing duty as ablatives, 3. those in -dā expressive of time, 4. those in -thā significative of manner. They are derived of the roots ka (ku), a, i, ta, ya, anya, eka, sarva etc. and display the same differences of meaning and employment as the pronouns, which they are made from; they are therefore interrogatives or demonstratives or relatives or indefinites.

1. Those in -tra are: Interr. kutra (where?); Dem. atra (here), tatra (there), amutra (yonder); Rel. yatra (where); Indef. anyatra (elsewhere), ekatra (1. at one place, 2. somewhere); sarvatra (everywhere), etc. To these we must add two of a similar meaning, but made with different suffixes, viz. Interr. kva = kutra and Dem. iha (here). — By putting -cit, -cana or -api to the interrog., one gets the indefinites kvacit, kutracit etc. „somewhere, anywhere;” yatra kvacit (or kutracit etc.) = „wheresoever” (287 b).

2. Those in -taḥ are: Interr. kutaḥ (whence?); Dem. ataḥ (hence), itaḥ (hence), tataḥ (thence), amutaḥ (from yonder); Rel. yataḥ (whence); Indef. anyataḥ (from some other place), ekataḥ (from one place, etc.), sarvataḥ (from every place), and so on. — By putting -cit, -cana or -api to the interrog., one gets the indefinites kutaścit, kuto’pi, kutaścana; of course yataḥ kutaścit etc. = „from whatever place.” (287 b).

3. Those in -dā are Interr. kadā (when?); Dem. tadā (then); Rel. yadā (when); Indef. anyadā (at some other time), ekadā (once), sarvadā (always). Besides, the dem. tadānīm is the emphatic „then,” idānīm and adhunā = „now.” — By putting -cit, -cana or -api to the interrogative, one gets the indefinites kadācit etc. = „at some time;’ yadā kadācit etc. = „whenever.” (287 b).

An other set of temporal adverbs are karhi (when?), tarhi, etarhi, yarhi, yarhi karhicit. Of these, all but tarhi are restricted to the archaic dialect and even in the epics they are seldom used, except the phrase na… karhicit (nowhere).

4. In -thā there are: Dem. tathā (so); Rel. yathā (as); Indef. anyathā (otherwise), sarvathā (in every manner at all events). The Interr. is slightly different, being katham (how?). Demonstr. are also evam, ittham and iti = „thus, so, in this manner.” — By putting -cit, -cana or -cit to the interrog., one gets the indefinites kathaṃcit etc. = „somehow;” of course yathā kathañcit etc. = „howsoever.” (287 b).

Rem. 1. The archaic idiom yaḥ kaśca (287 R.) is of course also represented in the adverbs of the ancient dialect. Âçv. Grhy. 1, 3, 1 yatra kva ca hoṣyant syāt (wheresoever he may intend to make oblations), Ait. Br. 2, 23, 7 tasya yata eva kutaśca prāśnīyāt.

Rem. 2. The adverbial suffixes are not limited to the adverbs, enumerated above. So it is said paratra »in the world to come” (f. i. Panc. 39), aparatra (f. i. R. 3, 11, 25), pūrvatra; sadā (always), nityadā (f. i. R. 3, 5, 18), etc.

Rem. 3. A negation added to the indefinites kvacit, kutascit, kadācit, kathañcit and their synonyms, serves to express »nowhere,” »from no place,” »never,” »in no ways,” cp. 282. Kathâs. 3, 57 cintā me putra yad bhāryā sadṛśī nāsti te kvacit (I am anxious that nowhere there is a fit wife for you to be found); Nala. 4, 19 doṣo na bhavitā tava rājankathaṃcana (at any rate, you will incur no sin, my king); Panc. 34 mayā… kadāpi cirbhaṭikā na bhakṣitā (I never have eaten cucumbers); ibid. 149 na mayā tava hastalagnayā kvacidapi labdhaṃ sukham (since I am depending on you, I have nowhere enjoyed pleasure).

Rem. 4. The idiom yaḥ saḥ = »whosoever, any” (287 c) has of course its counterpart in the adverbs derived from the roots ya and ta. Mṛcch. X, p. 360 surapatibhavanasthā yatra tatra sthitā vā (staying at the king of the gods, or anywhere).

Rem. 5. kathañcit and kathamapi have also got the sense of Lat. vix. Panc. 71 cetanāṃ samāsādya kathamapi (after having scarcely recovered his spirits). With emphasis, one says even kathaṃkathamapi. — Similarly kadāpi etc. may be used almost synonymous with our »perhaps.” Panc. 200 evamabhihite śraddheyavacanāt kadāpi nivartate (if one speaks thus [to the king of the elephants] he will perhaps withdraw by the force of so trustworthy speech).

Rem. 6. anyathā may signify »wrongly, falsely.” Hit. 95 udyateṣv api śastreṣu dṛto vadati nānyathā. Likewise Çâk. I alam asmān anyathā saṃbhāvya (do not take me for another person, as I am). As to anyathā when = „otherwise” see 485 R. 2.

3. 代名詞的副詞

代名詞的副詞〔を作る接尾辞〕は主に4つに分類される。
1. -tra:loc.的役割
2. -taḥ:abl.的役割
3. -dā:時間を表す
4. -thā:仕方(manner)を表す


これらは語根kaku)、aitayaanyaekasarva等から派生し、これら語根から作られる代名詞と、意味と用法はそれぞれ同じである。したがって、これらは疑問詞・指示詞・関係詞・不定詞である。

1. -tra
疑問:kutra(どこで?)
指示:atra(ここ)、tatra(そこ)、amutra(あそこ) 関係:yatra(where)
不定:anyatra(どこか他の場所)、ekatra(1. 一処、2. どこか或るところ)、sarvatra(どこでも)

など。これらに、異なる接尾辞から作られるが類似した意味をもつ2語を加えねばならない。すなわち:
疑問:kva(= kutra
指示:iha(ここ)

疑問〔のkukva等〕に-cit-cana-apiを加えると、不定のkvacitkutracit(somewhere, anywhere)等が得られる。yatra kvacit(/ kutracit)は「どこであれ」(wheresoever)となる(287 b)。

2. -taḥ
疑問:kutaḥ(どこから?)
指示:ataḥitaḥ(ここから, hence)、tataḥ(そこから, thence)、amutaḥ(あそこから)
関係:yataḥ(whence)
不定:anyataḥ(どこか別の場所から)、ekataḥ(ある所から…等)、sarvataḥ(あらゆる所から)

等。疑問〔のkukva等〕に-cit-cana-apiを加えると、不定のkutaścitkuto’pikutaścanaが得られる。もちろんyataḥ kutaścit等は「どこからでも」(from whatever place)となる(287 b)。

3. -dā
疑問:kadā(いつ?)
指示:tadā(そのとき)
関係:yadā(when)
不定:anyadā(別の或る時に)、ekadā(或る時)、sarvadā(いつも)

また、指示のtadānīmは「そのとき」(then)の、idānīmadhunāは「今」(now)の強調形である。疑問〔のkukva等〕に-cit-cana-apiを加えると、不定のkadācit(同じ時に)等が得られる。yadā kadācit等の場合は「いつでも」(whenever)となる(287 b)。

他の時間を表す副詞は、karhi(いつ?)、tarhietarhiyarhiyarhi karhicitがある。これらのうちtarhi以外は、すべて古い方言に限定されており、叙事詩においても—na… karhicit(どこにも…ない, nowhere)という句を除いて—めったに用いられない。

4. -thā
指示:tathā(よって)
関係:yathā(そのように)
不定:anyathā(~とは異なって)

疑問は少し異なり、katham(どのようにして?)である。指示はevamitthamiti(そのように、よって、この仕方で)もある。疑問に-cit-cana-apiを加えると、不定のkathaṃcit(どうにかして)等が得られる。yathā kathañcit等はもちろん「どれだけ…であっても」(howsoever)となる(287 b)。

【補足1】
古い語法yaḥ kaśca287-補足)は、とうぜん、古い方言の副詞で代置もされる。
Âçv. Grhy. 1, 3, 1 yatra kva ca hoṣyant syāt (wheresoever he may intend to make oblations)
Ait. Br. 2, 23, 7 tasya yata eva kutaśca prāśnīyāt

【補足2】
副詞的接尾辞は上記のものに限らない。paratra(未来の世界で)(Panc. 39)、aparatra(R. 3, 11, 25)、pūrvatrasadā(いつも)、nityadā(R. 3, 5, 18)などがある。

【補足3】
不定詞のkvacitkutascitkadācitkathañcitやこれらの類義語に否定辞を加えた場合、それぞれ「どこにも…ない」(nowhere)、「どこからともなく」(from no place)、「未だ嘗て…ない」(never)、「決して…ない」(in no ways)となる(282を参照のこと)。
Kathâs. 3, 57 cintā me putra yad bhāryā sadṛśī nāsti te kvacit (I am anxious that nowhere there is a fit wife for you to be found)
Nala. 4, 19 doṣo na bhavitā tava rājankathaṃcana (at any rate, you will incur no sin, my king)
Panc. 34 mayā… kadāpi cirbhaṭikā na bhakṣitā (I never have eaten cucumbers)
ibid. 149 na mayā tava hastalagnayā kvacidapi labdhaṃ sukham (since I am depending on you, I have nowhere enjoyed pleasure)

【補足4】
yaḥ saḥ(…である者は誰でも)という言い回しは、とうぜん、語根yasaから派生する副詞に対応するものがある。
Mṛcch. X, p. 360 surapatibhavanasthā yatra tatra sthitā vā (staying at the king of the gods, or anywhere)

【補足5】
kathañcitkathamapiは、ラテン語のvixと同じ意味である。
Panc. 71 cetanāṃ samāsādya kathamapi (after having scarcely recovered his spirits)

強調する場合にはkathaṃkathamapiとも。同様に、kadāpi等はほとんど英語で言うperhapsの類義語として用いられうる:
Panc. 200 evam abhihite śraddheyavacanāt kadāpi nivartate (if one speaks thus [to the king of the elephants] he will perhaps withdraw by the force of so trustworthy speech)

【補足6】
anyathāは「誤って」(wrongly, falsely)を表すことがある。
Hit. 95 udyateṣv api śastreṣu dṛto vadati nānyathā
Çâk. I alam asmān anyathā saṃbhāvya (do not take me for another person, as I am)

同様に、「異なって」(otherwise)を表す場合もある。485-補足2を参照のこと。