289. Pronominal adverbs in -tra and -taḥ doing duty as locatives and ablatives.

The adverbs in -tra and -taḥ are not restricted to the denoting of space. {P. 5, 3, 7 sqq.} Their province is the same, as that of the locative and ablative (*1). Such words as ataḥ and tataḥ have the value of the ablatives asmāt, tasmāt etc., that is of the ablat. of the stems a and ta in all genders and numbers. Similarly atra, tatra are identical with the locatives asmin, tasmin etc. For this reason, like the real ablatives and locatives, they express not only space, but also time and circumstances, and refer equally to persons and things. When pointing to a singular, they may even be used as attributes of ablatives and locatives of substantives. The adverbs kva and iha, though not made with the suffix -tra, have similarly the functions of the locative of the stems ka and i in all genders and numbers.

Examples: 1. of their not referring to space. Kathâs. 4, 20 varṣasya śiṣyavargo mahānabhūt / tatraikaḥ pāṇinir nāma jaḍabuddhitaro’bhavat (Varsha had a great crowd of disciples; among them there was —). Mudr. IV, p. 145 kim idānīṃ candraguptaḥ svarājyakāryadhurāmanyatra mantriṇyātmani vā samāsajya — (why has Candrag. now. put the yoke of government on [the shoulders of] some other minister or his own…?). Çâk. III ayaṃ sa te tiṣṭhati saṃgamotsukaḥ / viśaṅkase bhīro yato’vadhīraṇām (he, from whom you are apprehending a refusal, that man stands here longing to meet you). Kumâras. 2, 55 itaḥ sa daityaḥ prāptaśrīrneta evārhati kṣayam (it is from this man [me, cp. 273) that the Daitya has obtained his glory, therefore it is not I, who must kill him). Mudr. II, p. 86 amātyanāmāṅkiteyaṃ mudā / tadito bahutareṇārthena bhavantam amātyas toṣatiṣyati (this ring is engraved with the name of the minister; for this reason, he will reward you with more than [is the worth of] this [ring]). Cp. Nala. 13, 44.

2. of their qualifying some substantive. — Panc. 273 tatra vane bhraman (rambling in that forest), ibid. IV, 71 parasminn iha loke ca (in the other world and in this), ibid. p. 146 bhikṣāśeṣaṃ ca tatraiva bhikṣāpātre nidhāya (— put the rest of the alms in that very begging-bowl), ibid. 147 ekatra kuśasaṃstare dvāv api prasuptau (they slept both on one couch of kuça-grass), Kathâs. 27, 4 prasaṅge kutrāpi (at some emergency), Daç. 80 ahasaṃ ca kiñcit pramādadattaśārike kvacit kitave (and I laughed somehow at some player making a rash move); — Panc. 308 tataḥ sthānāt svadeśaṃ gatāḥ (from that place they went to their country), ibid. 286 kuto ’pi dhanikāt kiñcid dravyamādāya (he took some money from a moneylender), Prabodh. I, p. 6 kuto ’pi kāraṇavaśāt (by some cause), Daç. 96 māṃ kadācid anarthād itas tārayiṣyati (perhaps, it will rescue me from this misadventure).

Rem. 1. It must be mentioned, that in the case of the anvâdeça (274) atra and ataḥ are enclitics. {P. 2, 4, 33.} So neither iha nor itaḥ can be used.

Rem. 2. Instances of the adverbs in -tra and -taḥ denoting time, are not rare. So one uses ataḥ param = »afterwards” tataḥ = »then,” kvacit… kvacit may be= »sometimes.... sometimes.”

(*1)
-taḥ is a common suffix expressive of the abl., and accordingly put also after nouns (108). Locatives in -trā made of nouns are taught by P. 5, 4, 55 sq. But such forms as brāhmaṇatrā, devatrā, martyatrā are only met with in the archaic dialect. Yet, though obsolete in the classic period of Sanskrit literature, they must have been in common use in the time of Pâṇini.

289. loc.・abl.としてはたらく-tra・-taḥ

-traと-taḥで終わる副詞は空間の記述には限定されない（P. 5, 3, 7 sqq.）。これらの領域はloc.およびabl.と同じである（*1）。〔というのも、〕ataḥやtataḥのような語は、すべての性・数における語根a・taのabl.であるasmātやtasmāt等と同じ意味をもつ。同様に、atraやtatraはloc.のasminやtasmin等と等しい。このため、これら〔-traと-taḥで終わる副詞〕は本当のabl.やloc.と同じように、空間だけではなく時間や状況をも表現し、人と物を等しく指示するのである。sg.のものを指示する場合には、実名詞のabl.やloc.の形容詞としても用いられうる。副詞kvaとihaは接尾辞-traで作られていないけれども、すべての性・数における語根ka・iのloc.の機能を同様に持っている。

例文：
1. 空間以外を指示するもの
Kathâs. 4, 20 varṣasya śiṣyavargo mahānabhūt / tatraikaḥ pāṇinir nāma jaḍabuddhitaro’bhavat (Varsha had a great crowd of disciples; among them there was —)
Mudr. IV, p. 145 kim idānīṃ candraguptaḥ svarājyakāryadhurāmanyatra mantriṇyātmani vā samāsajya — (why has Candrag. now. put the yoke of government on [the shoulders of] some other minister or his own…?)
Çâk. III ayaṃ sa te tiṣṭhati saṃgamotsukaḥ / viśaṅkase bhīro yato’vadhīraṇām (he, from whom you are apprehending a refusal, that man stands here longing to meet you)
Kumâras. 2, 55 itaḥ sa daityaḥ prāptaśrīrneta evārhati kṣayam (it is from this man [me, cp. 273] that the Daitya has obtained his glory, therefore it is not I, who must kill him)
Mudr. II, p. 86 amātyanāmāṅkiteyaṃ mudā / tadito bahutareṇārthena bhavantamamātyastoṣatiṣyati (this ring is engraved with the name of the minister; for this reason, he will reward you with more than [is the worth of] this [ring])

Nala. 13, 44も参照せよ。

2. 実名詞を修飾するもの
Panc. 273 tatra vane bhraman (rambling in that forest)
ibid. IV, 71 parasminniha loke ca (in the other world and in this)
ibid. p. 146 bhikṣāśeṣaṃ ca tatraiva bhikṣāpātre nidhāya (— put the rest of the alms in that very begging-bowl)
ibid. 147 ekatra kuśasaṃstare dvāv api prasuptau (they slept both on one couch of kuça-grass)
Kathâs. 27, 4 prasaṅge kutrāpi (at some emergency)
Daç. 80 ahasaṃ ca kiñcitpramādadattaśārike kvacitkitave (and I laughed somehow at some player making a rash move)
Panc. 308 tataḥ sthānātsvadeśaṃ gatāḥ (from that place they went to their country)
ibid. 286 kuto’pi dhanikātkiñcid dravyamādāya (he took some money from a moneylender)
Prabodh. I, p. 6 kuto’pi kāraṇavaśāt (by some cause)
Daç. 96 māṃ kadācidanarthāditastārayiṣyati (perhaps, it will rescue me from this misadventure)

【補足1】
anvādeśa（§274）＝既に言及されたものを指示する場合、atraとataḥが前接語となることに留意せねばならない（P. 2, 4, 33）。したがって、ihaとitaḥは使用できない。

【補足2】
時間を表す-traと-taḥで作られる副詞の例は稀ではない。ataḥ paramは「その後」（afterwards）、tataḥは「そこで」（then）となり、kvacit… kvacitは「時には…で、時には…」（sometimes… sometimes）となることがある。

（*1）
-taḥはabl.を表現する一般的な接尾辞であり、よって名詞の後にも付加される（108）。名詞から成る-trāのloc.はP. 5, 4, 55以下に説かれている。けれども、brāhmaṇatrā、devatrā、martyatrāのような形は古い方言にしか見られない。とはいえ、サンスクリット文学の古典期おいては時代遅れであったとしても、Pāṇiniの時代には一般的に使われていたに違いない。