294. How the nouns of number are construed.

From 1-19 the cardinal nouns of number are adjectives, but 20 and the rest are properly substantives. So viṃśatiḥ does not signify „twenty” fr. vingt, but „a number of twenty,” fr. une vingtaine. For this reason, viṃśatiḥ and the rest, śatam, sahasram etc. are not only singulars having a gender of their own, but they are also construed with the genitive. Yet, this construction is not used exclusively. By a false analogy side by side with the regular construction, as viṃśatiḥ purāṇām, śataṃ purāṇām, one says also viṃśatiḥ purāṇi, śataṃ purāṇi, instr. viṃśatyā purāṇām or puraiḥ, śatena purāṇām or puraiḥ, etc. The same applies of course to the compounds in -viṃśatiḥ, -śatam etc., expressive of the interjacent numbers. — It is a matter of course, that instead of using the genitive, it is allowed to compound the substantive with the noun of number.

Examples: 1. a) of a genitive depending on the noun of number: Varâh. Brh. 54, 75 viṃśatyā puruṣāṇām (by 20 men); Ragh. 3, 69 iti kṣitīśo navatiṃ navādhikāṃ mahākratūnāṃ… tatāna (thus the king performed 99 great sacrifices); R. 2, 54, 31 śaradāṃ śatam; Mhbh. 14, 88, 35 yūpeṣu niyatā cāsotpaśūnāṃ triśatī tayā (300 animals were then fastened to the sacrificial piles); Kathâs. 18, 124 dadau… vidṛṣakāya sahasraṃ grāmāṇām, Daç. 142 subhaṭānām anekasahasram asty eva — b) of compounding: Râj. 1, 311 sa varṣaptatiṃ bhuktvā bhuvam (after having reigned seventy years), M. 8, 237 dhanuḥśatam (a hundred bow-lengths), Kathâs. 44, 77 uṣṭrapañcaśatīṃ (500 camels).

2. of viṃśati etc. concording in case with their substantives. — R. 3, 14, 10 prajāpatestu dakṣasya babhūvuḥ… ṣaṣṭir duhitaraḥ, Gaut. 8, 8 catvāriṃ śatā saṃskāraiḥ saṃskṛtaḥ (purified by 40 sacraments), M. 3, 40 jīvanti śataṃ samāḥ, ibid. 4, 87 yāti… narakānekaviṃśatim, Kathâs. 10, 39 vayaṃ daityapaterbaleḥ pautryo daśaśatam (we are 1000 granddaughters of the chief of Daityas, Bali); Mhbh. 1, 16, 8 vavre kadrūḥ sutānnāgānsahasraṃ tulyavarcasaḥ.

Higher numbers, as ayutam, lakṣam, koṭiḥ, are substantives, and always construed with the genitive of the object numbered. R. 1, 53, 21 dadāmy ekāṃ gavāṃ koṭim (I give a crore of cows); Panc, I, 251 na gajānāṃ sahasreṇa na ca lakṣeṇa vājinām / yatkṛtyaṃ sādhyate rājñāṃ durgeṇaikena sidhyati (designs of kings, that do not succeed by a thousand elephants nor by a hundred thousand horse, are successful by one stronghold).

Rem. 1. The double construction of viṃśati etc. is as old as the Rgveda. Cp. f. i. Rgv. 2, 18, 5 catvāriṃśatā haribhiḥ with Rgv. 5, 18, 5 ye me pañcāśataṃ daduraśvānām.

Rem. 2. In epic poetry one meets occasionally with a plural of the decade instead of the singular. Nala. 26, 2 pañcāśaddhir hayaiḥ (with fifty horses) instead of pañcāśatā hayaiḥ.

On the other hand, a singular of the substantive construed with śata and sahasra occurs now and then, as Hariv. 1823 sahasreṇa bāhuṇā [instead of bāhubhiḥ orbāhūnām], Bhâg. Pur. 4, 29, 24 varṣaṃ śatam (*1).

(*1)
Another singular idiom occurs R. 1, 18, 8 ṛtūnāṃ ṣaṭ samatyayuḥ (the six seasons passed), as if ṣaṭ meant »a hexad,” not »six.” Cp. Verz. der Berliner Sanskrithandschriften, n°. 834.

294. 数詞の解釈法

1～19の基数詞は形容詞であるが、20以降は正確には実名詞である。よってviṃśatiḥは「20の」（フランス語：vingt）ではなく「20という数」（a number of twenty; フランス語：une vingtaine）を表す。このため、viṃśatiḥとそれ以降の数（śatamやsahasram等）は、それ自身の性を持つ単数〔の名詞〕であるだけでなく、〔名詞を修飾する際には〕gen.と文法的に結びつく。けれども、この構文のみが用いられるわけではない。viṃśatiḥ purāṇāmやśataṃ purāṇāmなどの通常の構文と並んで、間違った類推によって、viṃśatiḥ purāṇiやśataṃ purāṇi、inst.だとviṃśatyā purāṇām（/ puraiḥ）、śatena purāṇām（/ puraiḥ）などとも言われる。もちろん、このことは-viṃśatiḥや-śatamなどの複合語にも当てはまり、中間の数を表す。—gen.を用いる代わりに数詞と実名詞を複合することもできる。

例文：
1-a.) 数詞に係るgen.
Varâh. Brh. 54, 75 viṃśatyā puruṣāṇām (by 20 men)
Ragh. 3, 69 iti kṣitīśo navatiṃ navādhikāṃ mahākratūnāṃ… tatāna (thus the king performed 99 great sacrifices)
R. 2, 54, 31 śaradāṃ śatam
Mhbh. 14, 88, 35 yūpeṣu niyatā cāsotpaśūnāṃ triśatī tayā (300 animals were then fastened to the sacrificial piles)
Kathâs. 18, 124 dadau… vidṛṣakāya sahasraṃ grāmāṇām
Daç. 142 subhaṭānām anekasahasram asty eva

1-b.) 複合語となる場合
Râj. 1, 311 sa varṣaptatiṃ bhuktvā bhuvam (after having reigned seventy years)
M. 8, 237 dhanuḥśatam (a hundred bow-lengths)
Kathâs. 44, 77 uṣṭrapañcaśatīṃ (500 camels)

2. 〔修飾される〕実名詞と一致するviṃśati等
R. 3, 14, 10 prajāpatestu dakṣasya babhūvuḥ… ṣaṣṭir duhitaraḥ
Gaut. 8, 8 catvāriṃ śatā saṃskāraiḥ saṃskṛtaḥ (purified by 40 sacraments)
M. 3, 40 jīvanti śataṃ samāḥ
ibid. 4, 87 yāti… narakānekaviṃśatim
Kathâs. 10, 39 vayaṃ daityapaterbaleḥ pautryo daśaśatam (we are 1000 granddaughters of the chief of Daityas, Bali)
Mhbh. 1, 16, 8 vavre kadrūḥ sutānnāgānsahasraṃ tulyavarcasaḥ

ayutam、lakṣam、koṭiḥのような大きい数字は実名詞で、常に、番号付けられる目的語のgen.と文法的に結びつく。
R. 1, 53, 21 dadāmy ekāṃ gavāṃ koṭim (I give a crore of cows)
Panc, I, 251 na gajānāṃ sahasreṇa na ca lakṣeṇa vājinām / yatkṛtyaṃ sādhyate rājñāṃ durgeṇaikena sidhyati (designs of kings, that do not succeed by a thousand elephants nor by a hundred thousand horse, are successful by one stronghold)

【補足1】
viṃśati等の二重構文はṚgvedaと同じくらいに古い。
Rgv. 2, 18, 5 catvāriṃśatā haribhiḥ
Rgv. 5, 18, 5 ye me pañcāśataṃ daduraśvānām

【補足2】
叙事詩では時に数10について、sg.の代わりにpl.を用いることがある。
Nala. 26, 2 pañcāśaddhir hayaiḥ (with fifty horses) instead of pañcāśatā hayaiḥ

一方で、śataやsahasraの係る実名詞のsg.が処々に見受けられる。
Hariv. 1823 sahasreṇa bāhuṇā [instead of bāhubhiḥ orbāhūnām]
Bhâg. Pur. 4, 29, 24 varṣaṃ śatam （*1）

（*1）
sg.を用いる他の語法がある：
R. 1, 18, 8 ṛtūnāṃ ṣaṭ samatyayuḥ (the six seasons passed)

ここでṣaṭは「6」ではなく「6つからなる集合」（a hexad）を意味する。Weber 1853, no. 834を参照せよ。