310. Periphrase of verbs.

Periphrase of verbs by means of a general verb to do with an object denoting the special action meant, is not uncommon. It is chiefly kṛ that is used for this purpose. So kathāṃ karoti = kathayati, nādaṃ karoti = nadati, adhyayanaṃ karoti = adhote, prasādhana karoti (to make one’s toilet). In the same way the verbs, expressive of being, becoming etc. are employed for representing nominal predicates. Of the kind are bhavati, asti, vartate, tiṣṭhati, saṃpadyate and the like, cp. 3 and 4. It is proper to call them auxiliaries. But the same appellation should be shared by kṛ which, in reality, is the causative of the former ones: granthaḥ śithilo bhavati—, saṃpadyate (the knot is —, gets loose), granthaṃ śithilaṃ karoti (he loosens the knot).

Examples: 1. of bhū and its synonyms. Çâk. I eṣa mṛgo viprakṛṣṭaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ (this deer has got out of reach), Panc. 51 kimevaṃ tvam akasmād vicetanaḥ saṃjātaḥ (why did you swoon thus on a sudden?), Nala. 9, 19 ta ime śakunā bhūtvā vāso’py apaharanti me (they, having turned birds, bereave me even of my garment).

2. of kṛ. — Çâk. I katham idānīm ātmānaṃ nivedayāmi kathaṃ vātmanaḥ parihāraṃ karomi (— or shall I conceal myself?), R. 3, 25, 25 ārtasvaraṃ cakuḥ… niśācarāḥ, Kumâras. 1, 48 kuryurvālapriyatvaṃ śithilaṃ camaryaḥ (the female yaks would abate of their pride on account of their tails), ibid. 4, 41 abhilāṣamudīritendriyaḥ svasutāyāmakarotprajāpatiḥ, Panc. 58 Vishnu says kaulikaśarīre praveśaṃ kariṣyāmi. Kathâs. 27, 160 ānāyayatsa tau puruṣau… baddhau cakāra ca [= bandhayāmāsa ca]. Çank. on Ch. Up. p. 71 explains vadāmaḥ by vādaṃ kurmaḥ. And so on.

Rem. Other verbs of similar, though less frequent and more limited employment, are dadāti, dadhāti, vahati, badhnāti. One says karṇaṃ dā »to listen,” hastatālaṃ dā »to clap hands,” argalaṃ dā »to bolt the door;” vṛttiṃ vah »to behave” (cp. R. 2, 12, 8) and the like. Vikr. II, p. 38 nopavanalatāsu… cakṣur badhnāti dhṛtim ([your] eye does not rest on the creepers in the garden); Mhbh. 1, 74, 101 kapaṭaṃ na koḍhuṃ tvam ihārhasi (you ought not to use deceit); Hariv. 531 nārāyaṇo dadhe nidrāṃ brahmaṃ varṣasahasrakam (Nar. was asleep —), Ragh. 2, 7 rājalakṣmīṃ dadhānaḥ; Mudr. IV, p. 137 amātyarākṣasaś cāṇakye baddhavairaḥ (R. is at enmity with C.); Daç. 19 mahadāścaryaṃ bibhrāṇaḥ (being much astonished). And so on.

310. 動詞の迂言 / 複合動詞

動詞の迂言 / 複合動詞（periphrase）、すなわち、特別な行為を意味する目的語を伴う、「…する」という一般動詞、…は稀ではない。主に√kṛがこの目的で用いられる：kathāṃ karoti＝kathayati、nādaṃ karoti＝nadati、adhyayanaṃ karoti＝adhote、prasādhana karoti。同じ仕方で、「…である」（being）「…になる」（becoming）などを表す動詞（√bhū・√as・√vṛt・√sthā・sam√pad等。3-4をみよ）が、名詞述語を代替するのに用いられる。これらは専門用語で助動詞（auxiliary）と呼ばれる。しかし、実際には、前述のCaus.的√kṛと同じ名称が共有されているべきである：granthaḥ śithilo bhavati, -saṃpadyate（その結び目は緩まる）、granthaṃ śithilaṃ karoti（彼はその結び目を緩める）。

例文：
1. √bhūおよびその同義語
Çâk. I eṣa mṛgo viprakṛṣṭaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ (this deer has got out of reach)
Panc. 51 kimevaṃ tvam akasmād vicetanaḥ saṃjātaḥ (why did you swoon thus on a sudden?)
Nala. 9, 19 ta ime śakunā bhūtvā vāso’py apaharanti me (they, having turned birds, bereave me even of my garment)

2. √kṛ
Çâk. I katham idānīm ātmānaṃ nivedayāmi kathaṃ vātmanaḥ parihāraṃ karomi (— or shall I conceal myself?)
R. 3, 25, 25 ārtasvaraṃ cakuḥ… niśācarāḥ
Kumâras. 1, 48 kuryurvālapriyatvaṃ śithilaṃ camaryaḥ (the female yaks would abate of their pride on account of their tails)
ibid. 4, 41 abhilāṣamudīritendriyaḥ svasutāyāmakarotprajāpatiḥ
Panc. 58 Vishnu says kaulikaśarīre praveśaṃ kariṣyāmi
Kathâs. 27, 160 ānāyayatsa tau puruṣau… baddhau cakāra ca [= bandhayāmāsa ca]
Çank. on Ch. Up. p. 71 explains vadāmaḥ by vādaṃ kurmaḥ

【補足】
類似の他の動詞は、頻度は少なく使用が限られているけれども、√dā、√dhā、√vah、√bandhがあり、karṇaṃ dā（聞く）、hastatālaṃ dā（手を叩く）、argalaṃ dā（ドアを固定する）、vṛttiṃ vah（振る舞う）となる（cp. R. 2, 12, 8; GRETILでは2.010.034a）。
Vikr. II, p. 38 nopavanalatāsu… cakṣur badhnāti dhṛtim ([your] eye does not rest on the creepers in the garden)
Mhbh. 1, 74, 101 kapaṭaṃ na koḍhuṃ tvam ihārhasi (you ought not to use deceit)
Hariv. 531 nārāyaṇo dadhe nidrāṃ brahmaṃ varṣasahasrakam (Nar. was asleep —)
Ragh. 2, 7 rājalakṣmīṃ dadhānaḥ
Mudr. IV, p. 137 amātyarākṣasaś cāṇakye baddhavairaḥ (R. is at enmity with C.)
Daç. 19 mahadāścaryaṃ bibhrāṇaḥ (being much astonished)