314. The three voices of the Sanskrit verb.

The Sanskrit verb has three voices: the active (parasmaipadam), the medial (ātmanepadam) and the passive. Of these, the active is formally different from the other two, but the medial and passive voices have many forms in common. The perfect cakre may be = „he made [for himself]” as well as „he was made,” the future dhariṣyate is either „he will bear [for himself]” or „he will be home. (*1)” But in the present and its system (present, imperfect, potential or optative, imperative, participle of the present) each voice has a different formal expression, kurute etc. serving exclusively for the medium but kriyate again having exclusively a passive meaning.

(*1)
Cp. f. i. Mhbh. 1, 159, 6 the future paritrāsye (I shall rescue) with Daç. 96 paritrāsyete (those two will be rescued) or Mhbh. 1, 188, 18 jagṛhe cārjuno dhanuḥ (and Arjuna took the bow) with Kathâs. 71, 34 sa tayā kaṇṭhe jagṛhe (he was embraced by her). It would be an interesting subject-matter for inquiry to draw a stasistical account of the common forms of the âtmanepadam with respect to their being used with a medial and with a passive meaning. It seems, indeed, that of several verbs these forms, especially the perfect, have the tendency of conveying exclusively a medial meaning, whereas some others seem to be exclusively passives. Before, however, such as account from standard authors will have been made, it would be premature to state something with certainty on this head.

314. サンスクリットの動詞における3つの態

サンスクリットの動詞には、能動態（parasmaipada; P.）、中動態・反射態（ātmanepada; A.）、受動態（Pass.）、の3つの態がある。これらのうち、能動態は他の2つと形式的に異なるが、中動態と受動態には共通形が多い。完了（perfect; Pf.）のcakre＝「彼は〔自身のために〕作った」は「彼は作られた」でもあり得るし、未来（future; Fut.）のdhariṣyateは「彼は〔自身のために〕耐えるだろう」か「彼は家にいるだろう」のどちらかである（*1）。けれども、現在形とその組織（現在-present、半過去-imperfect, 可能-potential/願望-optative、命令-imperative、現在分詞-participle of the present）において、それぞれの態は異なる形式を持ち、〔例えば〕kuruteなどは専ら中動態〔を表すこと〕に資するが、kriyateは専ら受動的意味を持つ。

（*1）
Mhbh. 1, 159, 6 the future paritrāsye (I shall rescue)
Daç. 96 paritrāsyete (those two will be rescued)
Mhbh. 1, 188, 18 jagṛhe cārjuno dhanuḥ (and Arjuna took the bow)
Kathâs. 71, 34 sa tayā kaṇṭhe jagṛhe (he was embraced by her)

中動態あるいは受動態で用いられているātmanepadaの一般形について統計学的説明を行うのは、興味深い主題であろう。確かに、これらの動詞形のいくつか、特にPf.は専ら中動態の意味を伝達するようであるが、他のいくつかは専ら受動態のようである。けれども、権威ある著述家からの説明を待たずにこの題目に対して何事かを言うのは時期尚早であろう。