319. Passive voice.
The passive voice is much used in Sanskrit both personally and impersonally, as has been pointed out 7 and 8. {P. 3, 1, 87.}
Moreover it serves to signify such intransitive actions as the rice balls, the wood splits pacyata odanam / bhidyate kāṣṭham(*1), whereas „I boil the rice, I split the wood” is expressed by the active voice odanaṃ pacāmi / kāṣṭhaṃ bhinadmi(*2). Pat. II, p.14 kulasya pipatiṣato loṣṭāḥ śīryante (from a river-bank, which is about to give way, lumps of earth are breaking off), Kumâras. 4, 5 na vidīrye (v. a. my heart does not break); Kathâs. 25, 45 vahanaṃ samabhajyata (the vessel burst), Çat. Br. 1, 5, 4, 5 pra vanaspatīnāṃ phalāni mucyante (the fruits fall down from the trees). Of the kind are dṛśyate (to appear, to seem), upacoyate (to increase), apacīyate (to decrease), yujyate (to suit, to be fit) and the like.
Rem. 1. It is not allowed, however, to use that intransitive passive of all verbs. Pâṇini excepts the roots duh, snu and nam. {P. 3, 1, 88.} One says dugdhe — not duhyate — gauḥ svayam eva, namate — not namyate — daṇḍaḥ svayam eva »the cow is milking; the stick bends.” Patañjali extends the exception to others, especially to all causatives, and mentions a vârttika of the Bhâradvâjîyas which enumerates even a larger list of exceptions. This statement of the Bhâradvâjîyas has been accepted by the Kâçikâ. At all events, this much is certain, that of several verbs the medial voice has also an intrans. meaning. A concurrence of medial and passive is taught by P. 3, 1, 62 and 63 for the aorist of roots ending in a vowel and also of duh; with intransitive meaning it may be said akāri or akṛta, adohi and adugdha, f. i. akāri or akṛta kaṭaḥ svayameva.
On the other hand, the pure reflexive — 318 c) — is occasionally expressed by a passive; especially mucyate „to release one’s self.” R. 3, 69, 39 parimucyasva rāghava.
Rem. 2. Note the idiom tapyate tapastāpasaḥ, a passive with etymological object. {P. 3, 1, 89.} See f. i. M. 2, 167.
(*1)
The passive, when personal, is styled karmaṇi (expressive of the object), when impersonal, bhāve (express. of the state), see P. 1, 3, 13; 3, 1, 67. When having an intransitive or reflexive meaning, it is styled karmakartari (express. of both subject and object).
(*2)
Yet one likewise says f. i. sādhu sthālī pacati (the pot boils well), cp. Kâç. on P, 3, 1, 87.
319. 受動態
受動態(passive voice)は、7および8で指摘したように、サンスクリットにおいて人称・非人称ともに多く用いられる(P. 3, 1, 87)。
更に、pacyata odanam(調理されたる米飯=ライスボール)、bhidyate kāṣṭham(割かれた木=薪)のような自動詞的行為をも表す(*1)。一方で、「私は米を炊く」や「私は木を割る」を意味する場合は、能動態のodanaṃ pacāmi、kāṣṭhaṃ bhinadmiで表現する(*2)。
Pat. II, p.14 kulasya pipatiṣato loṣṭāḥ śīryante (from a river-bank, which is about to give way, lumps of earth are breaking off)
Kumâras. 4, 5 na vidīrye (v. a. my heart does not break)
Kathâs. 25, 45 vahanaṃ samabhajyata (the vessel burst)
Çat. Br. 1, 5, 4, 5 pra vanaspatīnāṃ phalāni mucyante (the fruits fall down from the trees)
この類のものにはdṛśyate(現れる、見られる)、upacoyate(増える)、apacīyate(減る)、yujyate(合う、適する)などがある。
【補足1】
けれども、すべての動詞のA. Pass.を用いることは許されない。Pāṇiniは√duh、√snu、√namの語根を除外している(P. 3, 1, 88)。よってdugdhe gauḥ svayam eva(牛が乳をやる;duhyateでない)、namate daṇḍaḥ svayam eva(杖が曲がる;namyateでない)となる。Patañjaliは、特にあらゆるCaus.などに例外を拡大しており、また、更に大きな例外のリストを列挙するBhāradvājīyaのvārttikaに言及している。このBhāradvājīyaの議論はKāśikāにも追認されている。いずれにしても、いくつかの動詞のうち、中動態にも自動詞の意味があることだけは確かである。中動態と受動態の〔意味の上の〕一致は、P. 3, 1, 62-63に、母音で終わる語根とduhのaor.について述べられている;自動詞の意味を伴って、akāri / akṛta、adohi / adugdhaなど、例としてはakāri (akṛta) kaṭaḥ svayam evaとなる。一方で、純粋な再帰(318c)は時に受動態によって表現される;特にmucyate(自身を解放する)。
R. 3, 69, 39 parimucyasva rāghava
【補足2】
同族目的語(etymological object)を伴うPass.のイディオム、tapyate tapastāpasaḥに注意せよ(P. 3, 1, 89)。例はM. 2, 167をみよ。
(*1)
非人称でない動詞の受動態はkarmaṇi(目的の表現)、非人称はbhāve(状態の表現)と呼ばれる。P. 1, 3, 13および3, 1, 67をみよ。自動詞的、あるいは再帰的意味を持つ場合にはkarmakartari(主語と目的語の表現)と呼ばれる。
(*2)
けれども、同様にsādhu sthālī pacati(その鍋は良く煮る)ともできる。Kâç. on P, 3, 1, 87をみよ。