336. The participles in -ta and -tavant doing duty as a past tense.

The participles of the past in -ta and -tavant may do the same duty as the aorist, whether they are attended by the verb substantive, or without it (9). They are expressive of facts done, finished, and it makes no difference, whether these facts belong to the historical past or have been done of late and have not yet lost their actuality. In both acceptations they are of the utmost frequency. They represent the younger idiom, the aorist the elder one. (*1) Accordingly they are rarely, if at all, thus employed in the archaic dialect. (*2).

1. Examples of the historical past. — a.) partic. in -ta. Kathâs. 4, 36 yāvat kañcid gatā tāvan niruddhā sā purodhasā (when she had gone some steps, the purohita stopped her); Panc. 51 kadācit… yātrāmahotsavaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ (once it happened that a religious feast with a procession took place); Daç. 111 sa rājā… ciraṃ prayudhya baddho devī ca bandhanaṃ gamitā; — b.) partic. in -tavant. Panc. 148 kiṃcid brāhmaṇaṃ vāsārthaṃ prārthitavān (he asked a brahman for lodging); R. 1, 56, 14 brahmāstraṃ kṣiptavāngādhinandanaḥ (the son of Gâdhi threw the brahma-weapon); Hit. 109 śukaḥ… svadeśaṃ yayau tato vindhyācalaṃ gatvā svasya rājānaṃ citravarṇaṃ praṇatavān (— made his obeisance to hie king Citravarṇa).

2. Examples of the actual past. — a.) partic. in -ta. R. 3, 17, 24 Çûrpaṇakhâ says to Râma rāma tvā… samupetāsmi (R., I am come to you); Kathâs. 42, 100 anāgasau kathaṃ pitrā gamitau svo daśāmimām (how is it that our father has brought us that are guiltless, into this state?); Çâk. I [the charioteer to the king] eṣa mṛgo viprakṛṣṭaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ; — b.) partic. in -tavant. R 1, 76, 2 śrutavān asmi yatkarma kṛtavān asi bhārgava (I have heard, what deed you have done); Çâk. IV Kaṇva to Anasûyâ anasūye gatavatī vāṃ sahadharmacāriṇī (Anasûyâ, the friend and companion of both of you has departed); Mudr. III, p. 107 Câṇakya to Candragupta vṛṣala samyaggṛhītavānasi madāśayam.

(*1)
Hence commentators often explain aorists by participles.

(*2)
I do not recollect having met with them doing duty as finite verbs, in brâhmaṇas and upanishads. But, as I have not yet made a special inquiry into this subject, I refrain from affirming their entire absence from that class of works.

336. 過去時制としてはたらく分詞〈-ta・-tavant〉

-taと-tavantから作られる過去分詞（participle of the past）は、〔英語などのでは必要とされる〕存在動詞の有無に関わらず（9）、aor.と同じはたらきをする。それらは行われた事実、終えられた事実を表すものであり、これらの事実が史的（historical）な過去に属していても、最近行われた事実であっても、まだ現存性（actuality）を失っていない事実であっても、違いはない。これらは新しい語法を代表する。aor.は古いものである（*1）。したがって、これら〔過去分詞〕が古風な文体（archaic dialect）に用いられることはほとんどない（*2）。

1. historicalな過去の例
a.) -ta
Kathâs. 4, 36 yāvat kañcid gatā tāvan niruddhā sā purodhasā (when she had gone some steps, the purohita stopped her)
Panc. 51 kadācit… yātrāmahotsavaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ (once it happened that a religious feast with a procession took place)
Daç. 111 sa rājā… ciraṃ prayudhya baddho devī ca bandhanaṃ gamitā

b.) -tavant
Panc. 148 kiṃcid brāhmaṇaṃ vāsārthaṃ prārthitavān (he asked a brahman for lodging)
R. 1, 56, 14 brahmāstraṃ kṣiptavāngādhinandanaḥ (the son of Gâdhi threw the brahma-weapon)
Hit. 109 śukaḥ… svadeśaṃ yayau tato vindhyācalaṃ gatvā svasya rājānaṃ citravarṇaṃ praṇatavān (— made his obeisance to hie king Citravarṇa)

2. actualな過去の例
a.) -ta
R. 3, 17, 24 Çûrpaṇakhâ says to Râma rāma tvā… samupetāsmi (R., I am come to you)
Kathâs. 42, 100 anāgasau kathaṃ pitrā gamitau svo daśāmimām (how is it that our father has brought us that are guiltless, into this state?)
Çâk. I [the charioteer to the king] eṣa mṛgo viprakṛṣṭaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ

b.) -tavant
R 1, 76, 2 śrutavān asmi yatkarma kṛtavān asi bhārgava (I have heard, what deed you have done)
Çâk. IV Kaṇva to Anasûyâ anasūye gatavatī vāṃ sahadharmacāriṇī (Anasûyâ, the friend and companion of both of you has departed)
Mudr. III, p. 107 Câṇakya to Candragupta vṛṣala samyaggṛhītavānasi madāśayam

（*1）
そういうわけで、注釈者はしばしばaor.を分詞によって解説する。

（*2）
私の覚えている限りでは、ブラーフマナとウパニシャッドにおいて、定動詞としてはたらくものは見られなかった。