337.

The participle in -ta may be sometimes expressive of the present (361). suptaḥ kumāraḥ »the boy is asleep, is sleeping” as well as »he has just awaked from sleep” (actual past) or »he slept” (historical past). To remove all ambiguousness, one derives participles in -tavant even from intransitives, as gatavān, jātavān, suptavān; such participles serve exclusively for the past. — Vikram. V, p. 173 yaḥ suptavān maṅke… taṃ me preṣaya śikhinam (— the peacock, that has slept on my bosom), Panc. I, 224 jananīmano harati jānavatī, Kathâs. 81, 51 prāviśat sā ca tatraiva… sattvaśīlo’pyasau tasyāḥ paścāt tatra praviṣṭavān, Cak. IV gatavatī see 336, 2°, Hit. 109 praṇatavān see 336, 1°.

But if the participle in -ta has a passive meaning, that in -tavant is its corresponding active: uktam (it is said, — has been said, — was said), uktavān (he has said, he said). More about them 360.

337. 過去分詞の諸相

分詞-taは現在を表すことがある（361）。suptaḥ kumāraḥ（少年は寝ている）は「彼はちょうど眠りから起きた」（actualな過去）や「彼は眠った」（historicalな過去）をも表しうる。〔そのような〕あらゆる曖昧さを除くために、gatavān・jātavān・suptavānのように、自動詞からも分詞-tavantが派生する；このような分詞は過去をのみ表す。
Vikram. V, p. 173 yaḥ suptavān maṅke… taṃ me preṣaya śikhinam (— the peacock, that has slept on my bosom)
Panc. I, 224 jananīmano harati jānavatī
Kathâs. 81, 51 prāviśat sā ca tatraiva… sattvaśīlo’pyasau tasyāḥ paścāt tatra praviṣṭavān
Cak. IV gatavatī see 336, 2°
Hit. 109 praṇatavān see 336, 1°

けれども、分詞-taが受動的意味を持つ場合には、-tavantはそれに対応する能動の意味を持つ：uktam（it is said, — has been said, — was said） / uktavān（he has said, he said）。詳細は360をみよ。