342. Subjunctive mood.
The subjunctive mood is expressed in Sanskrit by four tenses: 1. liṅ, called by some optative, by others potential, 2. āśiṣi liṅ the precative or benedictive, 3. lṛṅ the conditional, 4. loṭ the imperative. The dialect of the Veda (mantra and brâhmaṇa) has moreover a fifth tense called leṭ, by vernacular, conjunctive by European grammarians, which was already obsolete in the days of Pâṇini. The duties of the missing tense are performed by the imperative, partly also by the present (laṭ). Nor is the present the only tense, which apart from its expressing the indicative, may sometimes have the force of a subjunctive; for the future in -syati — and, in prohibitions, even the aorist — is occasionally concurrent with liṅ and loṭ. That the conditional (lṛṅ) was at the outset an indicative tense, appears sufficiently not only from its outer form, but also from its original employment. Upon the whole, the boundaries between indicative and not-indicative are less marked in Sanskrit than in Latin and Greek.
342. 仮定法
サンスクリットにおいて、仮定法(subjunctive mood)は4つの時制によって表される:
1. liṅ(願望法;optative, potential)
2. āśiṣi liṅ(祈願法;precative, benedictive)
3. lṛṅ(条件法;conditional)
4. loṭ(命令法;imperative)
ヴェーダ語(マントラとブラーフマナ)は更に5つ目の時制をもつ。インドの文法家にはleṭ、西洋の文法学者には接続法(conjunctive)と呼ばれるもので、Pāṇiniの生きた当時には既に廃れていた。この欠けた時制の役割はImpv.によって、部分的にはPres.(laṭ)によっても果たされる。Pres.だけが、直説法(indicative)の表現とは別に仮定法のはたらきを持ちうる唯一の時制である、というわけでもない;単純未来-syati—禁止文においてはaor.も—は、時にliṅやloṭと共起する。条件法(lṛṅ)が当初直説法であったことは、その外形のみならず、その元の用法からも十分に現れている。全体として、直説法と非-直説法の境界は、サンスクリット語では、ラテン語とギリシャ語よりも目立たない。