353. IV. Imperative with mā and other constructions, expressive of prohibition.

IV. The imperative with mā or māsma serves to express prohibition. Yet this idiom is comparatively little used, but instead of it either alam or kṛtam with the instrumental of a verbal noun, or the aorist without augment, preceded by mā or māsma. {P. 3, 3, 175.} „Do not fear” f. i. = alaṃ bhayena, kṛtaṃ bhayena or mā bhaiṣīḥ.

Examples : 1. of imper. with mā and māsma. — Panc. 294 mā tvaṃ vairāgyaṃ gaccha, Kathâs. 39, 233 yāta māsmeha tiṣṭhati (go on, do not stay here); — 2. of alam and kṛtam with instrumental. Mudr. I, p. 46 alam āśaṅkayā (no hesitation more), ibid. p. 53 vatsālaṃ viṣādena (be not sorry, my dear), Panc. 64 alaṃ saṃbhrameṇa, Çâk. I kṛtaṃ saṃdehena; —

Aorist with mā

3. of aor. with mā. Daç. 143 māsma bhavatyo bhaiṣuḥ (do not fear, ladies), Mhbh. 1, 153, 34 mā ciraṃ kṛthāḥ (do not tarry), R. 2, 42, 6 kaikeyi mām akāṅgāni mā sprākṣīḥ pāpaniścaye (do not touch my body, you evil-minded woman).

Rem. 1. alam is also construed with a gerund or an infin. Mudr. III, p. 124 alam upālabhya (do not censure me any longer), Mṛcch. III, p. 106 alaṃ suptajanaṃ prabodhayitum (do not awake the sleeping people).

Rem. 2. In the epic dialect the augment is not always dropped in the aorist with mā. So in the famous imprecation R. 1, 2, 15 mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhāṃ tvamagamaḥ śāśvatīḥ samāḥ. Cp. Mhbh. 1, 37, 7 mā naḥ kālo ‘tyagādayam.

Rem. 3. With māsma not only the aorist is allowed, but also the imperfect tense, of course without augment. {P. 3, 3, 176.} R. 2, 9, 23 mā smainaṃ pratyudīkṣethā mā cainamabhibhāṣathāḥ, Daç. 160 māsma nātha matkṛte’dhyavasyaḥ sāhasam.

Rem. 4. mā with optative is of course a concurrent idiom. In the prâkṛts also mā with future in -syati. Likewise in the epic dialect. Mbbh. 1, 30, 15 the three idioms are used side by side putra mā sāhasāṃ kārṣīrmā sadyo lapsyase vyathām / mā tvāṃ daheyuḥ saṃkruddhā vālakhilyā marīcipāḥ.

353. IV. māを伴うIpv.とその他の構文：禁止

4. māやmāsmaを伴うIpv.は禁止を表す。けれども、この語法は比較的あまり使われないのであるが、その代わりに、動名詞のinst.を伴うalamやkṛtamか、あるいは、māやmāsmaが先行するオーグメント無しのaor.か、が用いられる（P. 3, 3, 175）。例えば、「恐れるな」はalaṃ bhayena、kṛtaṃ bhayena、mā bhaiṣīḥとなる。

1. mā・māsmaを伴うIpv.

Panc. 294 mā tvaṃ vairāgyaṃ gaccha
Kathâs. 39, 233 yāta māsmeha tiṣṭhati (go on, do not stay here)

2. 動名詞のinst.を伴うalam・kṛtam

Mudr. I, p. 46 alam āśaṅkayā (no hesitation more)
ibid. p. 53 vatsālaṃ viṣādena (be not sorry, my dear)
Panc. 64 alaṃ saṃbhrameṇa
Çâk. I kṛtaṃ saṃdehena

3. mā・māsmaが先行するオーグメント無しのaor.

Daç. 143 māsma bhavatyo bhaiṣuḥ (do not fear, ladies)
Mhbh. 1, 153, 34 mā ciraṃ kṛthāḥ (do not tarry)
R. 2, 42, 6 kaikeyi mām akāṅgāni mā sprākṣīḥ pāpaniścaye (do not touch my body, you evil-minded woman)

【補足1】
alamは動名詞（gerund）や不定詞（infinitive）とも文法的に結びつく。
Mudr. III, p. 124 alam upālabhya (do not censure me any longer)
Mṛcch. III, p. 106 alaṃ suptajanaṃ prabodhayitum (do not awake the sleeping people)

【補足2】
叙事詩のサンスクリットでは、māを伴うaor.のオーグメントは常に脱落しない。
R. 1, 2, 15 mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhāṃ tvamagamaḥ śāśvatīḥ samāḥ
Mhbh. 1, 37, 7 mā naḥ kālo ‘tyagādayam

【補足3】
māsmaを伴う場合、aor.だけでなくImpf.も、もちろんオーグメント無しのaor.も許される（P. 3, 3, 176）。
R. 2, 9, 23 mā smainaṃ pratyudīkṣethā mā cainamabhibhāṣathāḥ
Daç. 160 māsma nātha matkṛte ’dhyavasyaḥ sāhasam

【補足4】
Opt.を伴うmāはもちろん同じはたらきをする。プラークリットでの単純未来-syatiを伴うmāも同じ。叙事詩サンスクリットも同様。
Mbbh. 1, 30, 15 3つのイディオムが並んで用いられている：putra mā sāhasāṃ kārṣīrmā sadyo lapsyase vyathām / mā tvāṃ daheyuḥ saṃkruddhā vālakhilyā marīcipāḥ