355. Archaic conjunctive (leṭ).

In classic Sanskrit the 1st person of the imperative is less used than the other two (cp. 356).

the 1st persons of the imperative belong to the leṭ.

In fact, these 1st persons belong to another set of forms, viz. the so-called conjunctive (leṭ). In both dialects of vaidik compositions, in mantras as well as in brâhmaṇa-works, this conjunctive is still to be met with. But Pâṇini already qualifies it as archaic. In epic and classic Sanskrit, indeed, its 2d and 3d persons exist no more, whereas its 1st persons are the very forms considered to make part of the imperative (loṭ).

This vaidik conjunctive shows a great relationship both in form and employment to Greek conjunctive, especially that of the Homeric dialect. It may express both, the hortative mood and the optative, and is much used in subordinate sentences, conveying a doubt or a purpose or having general bearing. Here are some instances of its use. Ait. Br. 2, 2, 5 yadi ca tiṣṭhāsi yadi ca śayāsai draviṇamevāsmāsu dhattāt (whether you are standing or lying down, give us wealth), Rgv. 10, 85, 36 the marriage-mantra gṛbhṇāmi te saubhagatvāya hastaṃ mayā panyā jaradiṣṭhir yathāsaḥ, ibid. 39 dīrghāyurasyā yaḥ patirjīvāti śaradaḥ śatam (may her husband have a long life, may he reach a hundred autumns), TS. 6, 5, 6, 2 yo ’tā jāyātā asmākaṃ sa eko’sat (who shall be born of her, must be one of us). (*1).

Rem. 1. Like na with optative in the epic dialect (451 R. 1), so net with conjunctive in the vaidik works may be = »lest.” Nir. 1, 11 nej jihmā yantyo narakaṃ patāma (lest by going astray we shall go to hell), Ait. Br. 2, 12, 2 nen ma ime’nabhiprītā devān gacchān (lest they should go to the devas unsatisfied).

Rem. 2. Some few conjunctives, occurring in the archaic texts, belong to the system of the aorist, as karāma in Rgv. 10, 15, 6 mā hiṃsiṣṭa pitaraḥ kena cinno yadva āgaḥ puruṣatā karāma (do us no injury, fathers, on account of any offence, which we, after the manner of men, may have committed against you).

(*1)
Instances from Rgv., AV., Çat. Br., Ait. Br. are brought together by Delbrück in his treatise Der Gebrauch des Conjunctivs und Optativs im Sanskrit und Griechischen Halle 1871, especially p. 107-190. — It may be observed, that the Chândogya-upanishad has not a single instance of the leṭ in the 2d or 3d person.

355. 接続法（leṭ）

古典サンスクリットでは、Ipv.の1st.は他の2つの人称ほどには用いられない（356）。

○leṭに属するIpv.1st.

事実、これらの1st.は別の語形変化、すなわちいわゆる接続法（leṭ）に属する。ヴェーダのマントラとブラーフマナ文献では、この接続法はまだ見られる。けれども、Pāṇiniはすでにそれを古いものと見なしている。じっさい、叙事詩サンスクリットと古典サンスクリットでは、leṭの2nd.と3rd.はもはや存在せず、一方で1st.はIpv.（loṭ）の一部と見なされているところのまさにその形態である。

このヴェーダ語の接続法は、古代ギリシャ語、特にホメーロス言語（Homeric dialect）の接続法と、形態と用法において多大な関係性を呈している。ヴェーダ語の接続法は勧奨法（hortative mood）とOpt.の両方を表し、また、従属文で多く用いられ、〔その場合〕疑惑や意志、あるいはふるまいを伝達する。
Ait. Br. 2, 2, 5 yadi ca tiṣṭhāsi yadi ca śayāsai draviṇamevāsmāsu dhattāt (whether you are standing or lying down, give us wealth)
Rgv. 10, 85, 36 the marriage-mantra gṛbhṇāmi te saubhagatvāya hastaṃ mayā panyā jaradiṣṭhiryathāsaḥ
ibid. 39 dīrghāyur asyā yaḥ patir jīvāti śaradaḥ śatam (may her husband have a long life, may he reach a hundred autumns)
TS. 6, 5, 6, 2 yo ’tā jāyātā asmākaṃ sa eko ’sat (who shall be born of her, must be one of us) （*1）

【補足1】
叙事詩サンスクリットにおけるOpt.を伴う否定辞naと同様に（451-補足1）、ヴェーダ文献での接続法を伴うnetは「…しないように、…しはすまいか」を表す。
Nir. 1, 11 nej jihmā yantyo narakaṃ patāma (lest by going astray we shall go to hell)
Ait. Br. 2, 12, 2 nen ma ime ’nabhiprītā devān gacchān (lest they should go to the devas unsatisfied)

【補足2】
古いテキストで用いられる少数の接続法は、以下の例文にあるkarāmaのようにaor.組織に属する。
Rgv. 10, 15, 6 mā hiṃsiṣṭa pitaraḥ kena cinno yadva āgaḥ puruṣatā karāma (do us no injury, fathers, on account of any offence, which we, after the manner of men, may have committed against you)

（*1）
Ṛg-veda、Atharva-veda、Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa、Aitareya-Brāhmaṇaからの用例が、Delbrückによって彼の論考Der Gebrauch des Conjunctivs und Optativs im Sanskrit und Griechischen, Halle 1871、特にp.107-190に引用されている。—Chāndogya-upaniṣadには一例たりとも、2nd.や3rd.のleṭの用例は無いようである。