360. participles in -ta passive or intransitive or active.
Of the participles in -ta the great majority have a passive meaning, hence it is customary to call the whole class the passive participle of the past. But some others are not passives, but intransitives, as gata (gone), mṛta (died), bhinna (split). Some again may be even transitive actives, as pīta (having drunk), prāpta (having reached), vismṛta (having forgotten), vibhakta (having divided), in this case they may generally convey sometimes a passive, sometimes an active meaning. For instance:
ārūḍha:
act. Daç. 138 ārūḍhaś ca loko yathāyatham uccaiḥ sthānāni.
pass. R. 2, 83, 5 śataṃ sahasrāṇy aśvānāṃ samārūḍhāni (the scholiast adds sādibhiḥ).
With this verb, the active meaning is the more common.
prasūta:
act. Utt. III, p. 38 tatra dārakadvayaṃ prasūtā [sc. sītā].
pass. Ragh. 1, 12 tadanvaye śuddhimati prasūtaḥ… dilīpaḥ.
aparāddha:
act. Çâk. I katham aparāddhas tapasvinām asmi (how, have I offended the holy men?).
pass. Kathâs. 17, 48 devyā naivāparāddhaṃ te (there is no offence done to you by the queen).
praviṣṭa:
act. Vikram. II, p.29 ādarśanāt praviṣṭā sā me muralokasundarī hṛdayam.
pass. R. (Gorr.) 5, 56, 28 praviṣṭaṃ te mayā vaktram.
prāpta:
act. Mudr. I, p. 7 abhimatā bhavanamatithayaḥ prāptāḥ (welcome guests are come to my house).
pass. Hit. 24 pakṣibhiḥ… tarukoṭare śavakāsthīni prāptāni.
Moreover, in accordance to what has been stated above the neuter sing. of all intransitive participles may be employed also in a passive sense. {P. 3, 4, 72.} Instead of ayaṃ gataḥ, ayaṃ mṛtaḥ, one says as well gatam anena, mṛtam anena. Cp. Pat. I, p. 468.
Rem. 1. If a participle in -ta is used with intransitive meaning, then the transitive passive is commonly expressed by the corresponding part. of the causative. bhinna means »split by itself” bhedita »split [by somebody],” prabuddha »awake” but prabodhita »roused,” jāta »born” but janita »engendered,” patita »fallen” but pātita »thrown” etc.
Rem. 2. As far as I know, the participles in -na never convey a transitive active meaning; they are, as a rule, intransitives, as bhagna, bhinna, magna.
360. 受動・自動詞・能動態の分詞-ta
分詞-taに関して、大多数は受動的意味をもつので、この種の分詞の全体を過去受動分詞と呼ぶことが通例である。けれども、一部は受動態ではなく自動詞である；gata（行った）、mṛta（死んだ）、bhinna（割れた）。またあるものは他動詞・能動態でさえありうる；pīta（飲んだ）、prāpta（到達した）、vismṛta（忘れた）。この場合、これらはふつう、時に受動的、時に能動的意味を伝達する。例えば：
ārūḍha:
act. Daç. 138 ārūḍhaś ca loko yathāyatham uccaiḥ sthānāni.
pass. R. 2, 83, 5 śataṃ sahasrāṇy aśvānāṃ samārūḍhāni (the scholiast adds sādibhiḥ).
以下の動詞の場合には、能動的意味がより一般的である。
prasūta:
act. Utt. III, p. 38 tatra dārakadvayaṃ prasūtā [sc. sītā].
pass. Ragh. 1, 12 tadanvaye śuddhimati prasūtaḥ… dilīpaḥ.
aparāddha:
act. Çâk. I katham aparāddhas tapasvinām asmi (how, have I offended the holy men?).
pass. Kathâs. 17, 48 devyā naivāparāddhaṃ te (there is no offence done to you by the queen).
praviṣṭa:
act. Vikram. II, p.29 ādarśanāt praviṣṭā sā me muralokasundarī hṛdayam.
pass. R. (Gorr.) 5, 56, 28 praviṣṭaṃ te mayā vaktram.
prāpta:
act. Mudr. I, p. 7 abhimatā bhavanamatithayaḥ prāptāḥ (welcome guests are come to my house).
pass. Hit. 24 pakṣibhiḥ… tarukoṭare śavakāsthīni prāptāni.
加えて、上述したように、あらゆる自動詞的分詞のn.sg.は受動的な意味でも用いられうる（P. 3, 4, 72）。ayaṃ gataḥやayaṃ mṛtaḥの代わりとしてgatam anenaやmṛtam anenaとも言いうる。Pat. I, p. 468も参照せよ。
【補足1】
分詞-taが自動詞の意味で用いられる場合には、他動詞の受動態がふつう対応するCaus.の分詞で表される。bhinnaは「自ら割れる」、bheditaは「〔誰かのせいで〕割れる」、prabuddhaは「起きる」、prabodhitaは「起こされる」、jātaは「生まれる」、janitaは「産み落とされる」、patitaは「落ちる」、pātitaは「投げ〔落とされ〕る」など。
【補足2】
私の知る限り、分詞-naは決して他動詞・能動態の意味を伝達しない；これらは原則として、bhagna、bhinna、magnaのように自動詞である。