364. Nouns with participial employment.

The participial employment is not limited to the participles. Any adjective may be employed as if it were a participle. It is then usual to add to it the participle sant (being). Yet, sant is not indispensable and is often wanting, especially if it is a bahuvrîhi that has a participial employment.

Examples: a.) of sant added. Çâk. IV vanaukaso ‘pi santo laukikajñā vayam (though living in the forests, we know the world), ibid. III kutas te kusumāyudhasya satastaikṣṇyam etat (how did you come by that sharpness, you, whose arrows are but flowers?), Kathâs. 24, 67 bāḍhaṃ mayā sā nagarī dṛṣṭā vidyārthinā satā / bhramatā bhuvam (I saw that town, indeed, while I wandered about when a student), Panc. 44 kathaṃ dṛḍhabandhanabaddhā satī tatra gacchāmi (how can I go there, being tied with strong fetters?).

b.) of the mere adjective. Panc. I, 109 kiṃ bhaktenāsamarthena kiṃ śaktenāpakāriṇā (what is the use of a faithful [servant], if he be not able, what, of an able, if he be not faithful?), Çâk. II two young ascetics are approaching, the king, before their being ushered in, knows them by their voice and says aye dhīrapraśānta-svarais tapasvibhir bhavitavyam (by the sound of their voice, which is strong and soft at the same time, they must be inferred to be ascetics), Hit. 91 tām ākhyātukām eva satvaramāgato ‘ham (wishing to tell it [sc. the news vārtām], I have come here).

Rem. 1. Bahuvrîhis, the predicate of which is a participle, generally share the participial employment. Panc. 130 atha taṃ dṛṣṭvā śaṅkitamanā vyacintayat (when be saw him, be became anxious and reflected), Ven. I, p. 25 devi samuddhatāmarṣair asmābhir āgatāpi bhavatī nopalakṣitā (Madam, by the angry mood I am in, I have not noticed your coming here), Mudr. III, p. 112 āryeṇaivaṃ sarvato niruddhaceṣṭāprasarasya mama bandhanam iva rājyaṃ na rājyam iva (if mylord in this manner crosses my liberty of movement, my kingdom seems a prison to me, not a kingdom).

Rem. 2. sant, however, is occasionally added even to real participles. Panc. 126 tena mūrkheṇa vānareṇa kruddhena satā… prahāro vihitaḥ (now, that stupid monkey, being in an angry temper, gave a blow), ibid. 335 so ‘pi karkaṭas tatraiva sthitaḥ sansarpaprāṇān apāharat (while standing on that very spot, the crab etc.), Mhbh. 1, 166, 2 sa… pūrvam evāgatāṃ / satīṃ dadarśāpsarasaṃ tatra, here satī added helps the understanding of the remote past. Cp. Panc. 248, l. 7.

364. 分詞を伴う名詞

分詞の使用（participial employment）は分詞に限定されない。任意の形容詞があたかも分詞であるかのように用いられうる。その場合、通常は分詞sant（being；√as）を付加する（*訳注）。もっとも、santは必須ではなく、特にそれが分詞使用を含むbahuvrīhiである場合には、しばしば欠く。

例：
a.) santが付加されたもの
Çâk. IV vanaukaso ‘pi santo laukikajñā vayam (though living in the forests, we know the world)
ibid. III kutas te kusumāyudhasya satas taikṣṇyam etat (how did you come by that sharpness, you, whose arrows are but flowers?)
Kathâs. 24, 67 bāḍhaṃ mayā sā nagarī dṛṣṭā vidyārthinā satā / bhramatā bhuvam (I saw that town, indeed, while I wandered about when a student)
Panc. 44 kathaṃ dṛḍhabandhanabaddhā satī tatra gacchāmi (how can I go there, being tied with strong fetters?)

b.) 形容詞のみ
Panc. I, 109 kiṃ bhaktenāsamarthena kiṃ śaktenāpakāriṇā (what is the use of a faithful [servant], if he be not able, what, of an able, if he be not faithful?)
Çâk. II two young ascetics are approaching, the king, before their being ushered in, knows them by their voice and says aye dhīrapraśānta-svarais tapasvibhir bhavitavyam (by the sound of their voice, which is strong and soft at the same time, they must be inferred to be ascetics)
Hit. 91 tām ākhyātukām eva satvaramāgato ‘ham (wishing to tell it [sc. the news vārtām], I have come here)

【補足1】
述部が分詞のbahuvrīhiは、ふつう〔同じ文中の〕分詞を共有する。
Panc. 130 atha taṃ dṛṣṭvā śaṅkitamanā vyacintayat (when be saw him, be became anxious and reflected)
Ven. I, p. 25 devi samuddhatāmarṣair asmābhir āgatāpi bhavatī nopalakṣitā (Madam, by the angry mood I am in, I have not noticed your coming here)
Mudr. III, p. 112 āryeṇaivaṃ sarvato niruddhaceṣṭāprasarasya mama bandhanam iva rājyaṃ na rājyam iva (if mylord in this manner crosses my liberty of movement, my kingdom seems a prison to me, not a kingdom)

【補足2】
実際上、santは真性の分詞〔構文〕にさえも付加されることがある。
Panc. 126 tena mūrkheṇa vānareṇa kruddhena satā… prahāro vihitaḥ (now, that stupid monkey, being in an angry temper, gave a blow)
ibid. 335 so ‘pi karkaṭas tatraiva sthitaḥ sansarpaprāṇān apāharat (while standing on that very spot, the crab etc.)
Mhbh. 1, 166, 2 sa… pūrvam evāgatāṃ / satīṃ dadarśāpsarasaṃ tatra

最後の例文で付加されているsatīは、遠過去の理解を補助する。Panc. 248, l. 7をみよ。

（*訳注）
やや特殊なものであるのか（あるいは特筆すべきでないとされるのか）、文法書では大々的に扱われない。Gonda, J. Remarks on the Sanskrit Passive, Leyden: E. J. Brill, 1951.で少し触れられている：
"Only occasionally the participle sant- is added to a verbal adjective: …samavadyati. samavattāṃ eva satīṃ tad enāṃ pratyakṣam hotari śrayati “he now cuts off … in the hand of the hotar. That which is cut up piece by piece he thus makes visibly enter the hotar”; here the subject remains the same and so the absolutive might have been used, but the construction chosen lays stress on the patiens, not on the action, and the addition of satīm seems to point out that the action has taken place and that the result is an accomplished fact. ……" (p. 18)