369. Absolute genitive.
Sometimes the absolute genitive is a concurrent idiom of the absolute locative. It is far from bearing the general character of the latter. It is limited, indeed, to the expression of some action, not cared for while performing the main action. Sometimes the absolute genitive may be rendered by „though, notwithstanding, in spite of” and the like, sometimes it is simply pointing out, which action is going on at the time when the main action intervenes, then we may translate it by „while” or „as.” Other restrictions of its employment are: 1. its predicate must have a durative meaning, and is therefore in most cases a participle of the present, or at least a partic. or adjective, which does duty as such; 2. its subject must be a person. Upon the whole, the absolute genitive is usually found in standing phrases (*1).
According to P. 2, 3, 38 the absolute genitive is expressive of some action not cared for, while performing the action of the chief sentence. The commentary illustrates this rule by the example rudataḥ prāvrājīt which is interchangeable with rudati prā-, because it means rudantaṃ putrādikamanādṛtyu pravrajitaḥ (he has forsaken the world not caring for the tears of his family). (*2).
Examples: 1. the gen. = though, in spite of, notwithstanding. Panc. 193 yadete mayā pṛṣṭāḥ sacivāstāvadatra sthitasyāpi tava tatparīkṣārtham (that I have asked them, though you were here, was but to make a trial), Mudr. III, p. 124 nandāḥ… paśava iva hatāḥ paśyato rākṣasasya (— under the very eyes of Râxasa), Panc. 152 mūṣkaḥ] pazyato me paribhraman, Mhbh. 1, 102, 70 vicitravīryas taruṇo yakṣmaṇā samagṛhyata / suhṛdāṃ yatamānānāmāptaiḥ saha cikitsakaiḥ / jagāma… yamasādanam (Vicitravîrya became consumptive, when being young, and died in spite of the efforts of his friends and skilled physicians), R. 2, 100, 4 na hi tvaṃ jīvatas tasya vanamāgantum arhasi (do not go to the forest during his lifetime [= eo vivo]). In the last example the notion of disregard appears, if one eliminates the negation: »the action of going to the forest though he is living, must not be done by you.” (*3).
2. the gen. is expressive of a situation, existing at the time, when the main action intervenes, Eng. while, as. Panc. 131 evaṃ vadatas tasya sa lubdhakas tatrāgatya… nibhṛtaḥ sthitaḥ (while he was speaking thus, the said hunter came and concealed himself), ibid. 44 the barber’s wife asks her friend nāyaṃ pāpātmā mama gatāyā utthitaḥ (the rogue [she means her husband] has not risen [from his couch] during my absence, has he?), Kathâs. 18, 356 iti cintayatastasya tatra toyārthamāyayuḥ… striyaḥ (while he reflected thus, females came), ibid. 3, 11 teṣāṃ nivasatāṃ tatra… tīvro durmikṣaḥ samajāyata.
Rem. 1. Between these two different kinds of absolute genitive there are, of course, interjacent links. The anâdara of the action conveyed by the absolute genitive may be more than simple independence and less than full disregard. Mbbh. 1, 153, 7 aham enaṃ hanaṣyāmi prekṣantyāste sumadhyame »I shall kill him, beautiful lady, and even in your presence,” here the absolute turn denotes the easiness of the enterprise. (*4)
Rem. 2. The absolute genitive seems to be very rare in the archaic dialect. (*5)
(*1)
These rules have chiefly been fixed by F. de Saussure in his valuable and exhaustive treatise de l'emploi du genitif absolu en Sanscrit.
The rule of the subject being a person is violated Kumâras. 1, 27 anantapuṣpasya madhorhi cūte dvirephamālā saviśeṣas aṅgā (though spring has an immense variety of flowers, the rows of bees cling especially to the âmra-flower), unless it be supposed that Kâlidâsa means the personified Spring. — In this passage of the Râmâyaṇa (3, 11, 58) tato bhktavatāṃ teṣāṃ viprāṇāmilvalo ‘bravīt / vātāpe niṣkramasveti a participle of the past in -tavant is the predicate.
(*2)
Pâṇini’s sûtra runs thus: ṣaṣṭhī cānādare. The preceding s. 37 yasya ca bhāvena bhāvalakṣaṇam enjoins the employment of the absolute locative. Now, s. 38 allows the genitive too, but only for the case, that there is to be expressed anādara. One may ask, what is the exact meaning of this term. Does it mean »disregard,” or has it rather a more general import, that of »indifference?” The former interpretation needs implies the participial action being known to the agent of the main notion, but this is no requisite to the latter. If we consider the practice of Sanskrit phraseology, it becomes very probable, we must take anādara in its widest sense. Then all cases of absolute genitive may range under it. In such phrases as R. 1, 60, 15 saśarīro nareśvaraḥ / divaṃ jagāma kākutstha munonāṃ paśyatāṃ tadā (under the eyes of the mums, the king [Triçanku] ascended to heaven) the anâdara is to be found in this, that the chief action is going on quite independently of the circumstance, that the holy men were its spectators. Then, the term anâdara holds also good for the case, that the absolute genitive is merely expressive of the situation.
The Mahâbhâshya has no comment on our rule, the Kâtantra does not mention it at all, see Trilocanadâsa on Kât. 2, 4, 34 (p. 499 of Eggeling’s ed.).
(*3)
See de Saussure, p. 23. In the same book, p. 63-74 plenty of instance, prove the frequency of the phrase paśyatas tasya and the like.
(*4)
de Saussure, p. 24 and 25 quotes a few passages pointing to the fact, that the absolute gen. occasionally may answer to fr. pour peu que = for aught.
(*5)
The oldest instance of it, known to de Saussure, is Maitrâyaṇîyopanishad 1, 4 miṣato bandhuvargasya mahatīṃ śriyaṃ tyaktvāsmāllokādamuṃ lokaṃ prayātāḥ. Another instance from the archaic dialect is Âp. Dharm. l, 2, 7, 13 paśyato ‘sya, cp. the foot-note on p. 288 above.
369. 絶対属格
絶対属格(absolute genitive)は、絶対処格と同じはたらきをすることはあるが、これは絶対処格の一般的特徴をほとんど持たない。実際これは、〔文の〕主幹となる行為を行う間には軽視されている或る行為を表すことに限定されている。〔なので、〕絶対属格は「…にもかかわらず」の語などで翻訳されることがある。また、主幹となる行為が〔絶対属格の指示する行為とごっちゃに、文中に〕入っている場合、〔主行為とは別の〕どの行為が同時に〔並行して〕起こっているのかを指示するだけの場合もあるので、「…する間に」(while)や「…しながら」(as)で訳すこともある。他の用法の制限は以下の通り:
1. その述語は継続相(durative)の意味を持たねばならない。したがって、ほとんどの場合は現在分詞であるか、少なくとも、現在分詞としてはたらく分詞か形容詞である。
2. その主語は人でなければならない。
全体として、絶対属格はふつう慣用句に見られる(*1)。
P. 2, 3, 38によれば、絶対属格は、主文の行為が行われている間には軽視されている何らかの行為を表す。その注釈は、rudataḥ prāvrājītはrudantaṃ putrādikam anādṛtyu pravrajitaḥ(he has forsaken the world not caring for the tears of his family)を意味するのでrudati prā-と交換可能である、という例によってこの規則を説明している(*2)。
例文:
1. 「…にもかかわらず」
Panc. 193 yadete mayā pṛṣṭāḥ sacivāstāvadatra sthitasyāpi tava tatparīkṣārtham (that I have asked them, though you were here, was but to make a trial)
Mudr. III, p. 124 nandāḥ… paśava iva hatāḥ paśyato rākṣasasya (— under the very eyes of Râxasa)
Panc. 152 mūṣkaḥ] pazyato me paribhraman
Mhbh. 1, 102, 70 vicitravīryas taruṇo yakṣmaṇā samagṛhyata / suhṛdāṃ yatamānānāmāptaiḥ saha cikitsakaiḥ / jagāma… yamasādanam (Vicitravîrya became consumptive, when being young, and died in spite of the efforts of his friends and skilled physicians)
R. 2, 100, 4 na hi tvaṃ jīvatas tasya vanamāgantum arhasi (do not go to the forest during his lifetime [= eo vivo])
最後の例では、否定辞を除去すると軽視の観念が現れる:「彼が生きているというのに森へ行くという行いは、あなたの為してはならないことである」(the action of going to the forest though he is living, must not be done by you)(*3)。
2. 主行為が行われるとき、同時に存在する状況を表すgen.:「…する間に」や「…しながら」
Panc. 131 evaṃ vadatas tasya sa lubdhakas tatrāgatya… nibhṛtaḥ sthitaḥ (while he was speaking thus, the said hunter came and concealed himself)
ibid. 44 the barber’s wife asks her friend nāyaṃ pāpātmā mama gatāyā utthitaḥ (the rogue [she means her husband] has not risen [from his couch] during my absence, has he?)
Kathâs. 18, 356 iti cintayatastasya tatra toyārthamāyayuḥ… striyaḥ (while he reflected thus, females came)
ibid. 3, 11 teṣāṃ nivasatāṃ tatra… tīvro durmikṣaḥ samajāyata
【補足1】
これら2つの異なる種類の絶対属格間には、もちろん、ある種のつながりがある。絶対属格によって伝達される行為のanādara(軽視)は、単純な非依存(independence)以上のもので、完全な無視(disregard)ではない。
Mbbh. 1, 153, 7 aham enaṃ hanaṣyāmi prekṣantyāste sumadhyame (彼を殺しましょうとも、美しき女よ、あなたの目の前であってもです)
ここで絶対構文は、企ての容易さを表している(*4)。
【補足2】
絶対属格は、ヴェーダ語では非常に稀なようである(*5)。
(*1)
これらの規則は主に、F. de Saussureの価値ある、徹底した論考de l'emploi du genitif absolu en Sanscrit(1881)で扱われている。
人物であるところの主語に関する規則は、Kālidāsaが擬人化された「春」を意味していると想定するならば別であるが、以下の用例に反している:
Kumâras. 1, 27 anantapuṣpasya madhorhi cūte dvirephamālā saviśeṣas aṅgā (though spring has an immense variety of flowers, the rows of bees cling especially to the âmra-flower)
Rāmayaṇaの以下の一節では、過去分詞-tavantが述語となっている:
R. 3, 11, 58 tato bhktavatāṃ teṣāṃ viprāṇāmilvalo ‘bravīt / vātāpe niṣkramasveti
(*2)
Pāṇiniのsūtraは“ṣaṣṭhī cānādare”となっている(P. 2, 3, 38)。前のs. 37 yasya ca bhāvena bhāvalakṣaṇamが絶対処格に言及している。ところでs. 38は、“anādara”が表される場合に限り、gen.をも許容する。この〔anādaraという〕語の意味は何であろうか? 軽視(disregard)を意味するのか、あるいはより一般的な意味である「無関心」(indifference)なのか? 前者の解釈は、分詞で表される行為が、文の主行為の行為者に知られていることが暗示されている必要があるけれども、後者にはその必要がない。サンスクリットの言い回しの実際を考慮すると、広い意味でanādaraをとらねばならないだろう。そうすると、絶対属格のすべてのケースはその下に連なることになる。例えば以下の句では、聖人たちがそれを見ているという状況とは全く関係なく文の主行為が進行している、というところにanādaraが見いだされる:
R. 1, 60, 15 saśarīro nareśvaraḥ / divaṃ jagāma kākutstha munonāṃ paśyatāṃ tadā (under the eyes of the mums, the king [Triçanku] ascended to heaven)
よって、anādaraという用語は、絶対属格が単に状況を表す場合にも当てはまる。Mahābhāṣyaはこれらの規則について注釈しておらず、Kātantraは一部にしか言及していない。Trilocanadāsa on Kât. 2, 4, 34 (p. 499 of Eggeling’s ed.)をみよ。
(*3)
de Saussure, p. 23を参照せよ。同書p. 63-74には、paśyatas tasyaの類が頻出するということが、多くの用例から示されている。
(*4)
de Saussure, p. 24-25は、絶対属格がフランス語のpour peu que(=「…の場合」)に対応することがある、という事実を指摘するいくつかの節を引用している。
(*5)
de Saussureの知る最も古い用例は以下の通り:
Maitrâyaṇîyopanishad 1, 4 miṣato bandhuvargasya mahatīṃ śriyaṃ tyaktvāsmāllokādamuṃ lokaṃ prayātāḥ
ヴェーダ関連からの別の用例は以下の通り:
Âp. Dharm. l, 2, 7, 13 paśyato ‘sya
上の脚注も参照のこと。