370.

Apart from this absolute genitive, Sanskrit upon the whole shows a preference for employing genitives of the participle, either as dative-like genitives (129) or when depending on some substantive. The frequency of this turn makes it sometimes difficult to distinguish between the absolute and the not-absolute construction.

The semi-absolute genitive.

In some phrases both seem to mingle. For them we may use the term of semi-absolute construction, for the logical relation between the genitive and the principal sentence, though not wholly wanting, is very loose, indeed. (*1) Here are some instances. Panc. 154 evaṃ cintayato mahākaṣṭena sa divaso vyatikrāntaḥ (»he thinking so” or »for him as he thought so” the day passed slowly), Daç. 144 iha ca no vasantīnāṃ dvādaśa samāḥ samatyayuḥ, and so regularly to denote »while somebody was doing so and so, some other arrived, the son rose or set, time passed etc.” See f. i. Panc. 56, l. 1, R. 5, 11, 68, Kathâs. 15, 123, R. 2, 62, 19, ibid. 85, 14. This idiom borders on that, treated 128 R. 2.

Of a somewhat different nature are such instances as Mudr. V,. p. 180 candraguptasya viketuradhikaṃ lābhamicchataḥ / kalpitā mūlyam eteṣāṃ krūreṇa bhavatā vayam (as Candragupta in selling them [the jewels], desired an exorbitant profit, you, cruel man, have made ourselves the price), Panc. 162 tad enaṃ muktvā mama jīvantyā nānyaḥ pāṇiṃ grahīṣyati, Çâk. I karaṃ vyādhunvantyāḥ pibasi ratisarvasvam adharam, Nâgân. I, p. 8 tan nivāsayogyam idaṃ tapovanaṃ manye bhaviṣyatīha vasatām asmākaṃ nirvṛtiḥ. In the first of these examples the genitive may be accepted as a dative-like one (129), in the remaining it depends on a noun (pāṇim, mama understood, nirvṛtiḥ). Likewise Nala. 24, 15, Panc. 57 yadi mama sthānārtham udgatasya mṛtyur bhaviṣyati, etc. etc. Cp. also the foot-note on p. 94 of this book. (126)

Rem. The differences between the absolute and the semi-absolute genitives are sometimes very small, indeed. Panc. 156 evaṃ me cintayatas te bhṛtyā mama śatrūṇāṃ sevakā jātāḥ, here the absolute turn would be doubtful but for the pronoun of the 1st person repeated. That in such phrases, as »while A. was doing this, B. arrived,” the genitive is thought by Sanskrit-speakers an absolute one, is proved by this, that the absolute locative is used too. Mhbh. 1, 169 1 vasatsu teṣu pracchannaṃ pāṇḍaveṣu mahātmasu / ājagāmātha tāndraṣṭuṃ vyāṣaḥ, Kathâs. 42, 165 athaitasyāṃ ca mayi ca… maraṇādhyavasāyinyorāgatas tvam ihādhunā.

(*1)
See de Saussure p. 33-41.

370. 属格と絶対属格の境界および判別

この絶対属格は別として、サンスクリットは全体として、分詞のgen.を、dat.的gen.(129)か、あるいは何らかの実名詞に係るものとして用いる傾向を呈している。この言い回しの頻繁さは、絶対構文と非-絶対構文との間の区別を難しくすることがある。

○半-絶対属格(semi-absolute genitive)

一部の句では、〔abs.と非abs.の〕両方が混じり合っているように見える。これらに関して、gen.と主文の間の論理的関係は完全に途切れているわけではないけれども、実際にはかなり緩やかであるため、半-絶対構文(semi-absolute construction)という用語を用いる(*1)。以下に例を挙げる:
Panc. 154 evaṃ cintayato mahākaṣṭena sa divaso vyatikrāntaḥ (»he thinking so’’ or »for him as he thought so’’ the day passed slowly)
Daç. 144 iha ca no vasantīnāṃ dvādaśa samāḥ samatyayuḥ

また、ごく一般的に、「誰かが何事かをしている間に〈他の誰かが到着した〉〈日が昇った・沈んだ〉〈時間が経過した〉…etc.」を表す。Panc. 56, l. 1, R. 5, 11, 68, Kathâs. 15, 123, R. 2, 62, 19, ibid. 85, 14を参照せよ。これに隣接する語法については128-補足2で扱っている。

やや性質の異なる用例は以下の通り:
Mudr. V,. p. 180 candraguptasya viketuradhikaṃ lābhamicchataḥ / kalpitā mūlyam eteṣāṃ krūreṇa bhavatā vayam (as Candragupta in selling them [the jewels], desired an exorbitant profit, you, cruel man, have made ourselves the price)
Panc. 162 tad enaṃ muktvā mama jīvantyā nānyaḥ pāṇiṃ grahīṣyati
Çâk. I karaṃ vyādhunvantyāḥ pibasi ratisarvasvam adharam
Nâgân. I, p. 8 tan nivāsayogyam idaṃ tapovanaṃ manye bhaviṣyatīha vasatām asmākaṃ nirvṛtiḥ

これら例文のうち最初のものでは、gen.がdat.的なもの(129)として見なされており、残りの例文では名詞(pāṇimmamanirvṛtiḥ)に係る。Nala. 24, 15やPanc. 57 yadi mama sthānārtham udgatasya mṛtyur bhaviṣyatiなども同様。126の脚注も参照のこと。

【補足】
絶対属格と半-絶対属格の間の差異は、実際には、とても小さいことがある。
Panc. 156 evaṃ me cintayatas te bhṛtyā mama śatrūṇāṃ sevakā jātāḥ

ここで、1st.の代名詞が繰り返されていなかったならば、絶対構文は疑わしいであろう。「Aがこれを行っている間、Bが到着した」のような句では、サンスクリット話者はgen.を絶対構文と考える、ということがこのことから示されている。絶対処格についても同様。
Mhbh. 1, 169 1 vasatsu teṣu pracchannaṃ pāṇḍaveṣu mahātmasu / ājagāmātha tāndraṣṭuṃ vyāṣaḥ
Kathâs. 42, 165 athaitasyāṃ ca mayi ca… maraṇādhyavasāyinyorāgatas tvam ihādhunā

(*1)
de Saussure, p. 33-41をみよ。