374. Predicative accusative and nominative expressed by a participle or a noun used as such.

II. The participle, which expresses the predicate of the object of the verbs of seeing, hearing, knowing, thinking, feeling, conceiving, wishing and the like. Since, of course, it must agree with the object, it is an accusative with the active voice, but a nominative with the passive of the chief verb (6). So it is said māṃ praviśantam apaśyat (he saw me enter), pass. aham anena praviśann adṛśye. By using some other noun instead of the participle, we get the idiom, mentioned 32 c.), f. i. māṃ yuvānam apaśyat (he saw me being young = he saw, I was young).

This much used accusative with participle is the counterpart of Latin acc. with infinitive., which construction does not exist in Sanskrit (390 R. 2). Concurrent idioms are the oratio directa with iti and relative sentences with the conjunctions yad or yathā (491 foll).

Examples: a.) with an active chief verb. Panc. 51 kāñcid rājakanyāṃ kareṇukārūḍhāṃ… samāyātāṃ dṛṣṭavantau (they saw some princess approaching on elephant’s back), Mudr. IV, p. 158 na māṃ dṛrī bhavantam icchati (the prince does not desire my being far), Çâk. IV vetsi na mām upasthitam (you do not know, I am near), Hit. 2 sa bhūpatir ekadā kenāpi paṭhyamānaṃ ślokadvayaṃ śuśrāva (once the king heard somebody read two çlokas), Kathâs. 9, 74 śabareṇa haṭhākrāntamaṭavyāṃ sarpamaikṣata, Çâk. VII aṅgulīyakadarśanād ṛḍhapūrvāṃ tadduhitaram avagato ‘ham (on seeing the ring, I remembered that I had wedded his daughter). As to the last examples cp. 14, VIIly.

b.) with a passive chief verb. Mudr. III, p. 120 kasmād āryeṇāpakrāmann upekṣitaḥ (why have you overlooked his withdrawal?), R. 3, 67, 16 Jaṭâyu tells Râma, he has seen the carrying off of Sîtâ hriyamāṇā mayā dṛṣṭā rāvaṇena, Kathâs. 41, 4 mitreṇa kathito ‘dhunā… amuṣya bhrātā deśāntare mṛtaḥ (a friend has now told him, his brother died abroad), Çâk. III gāndharveṇa vivāhena bahyvo rājarṣikanyakāḥ / śrūyante pariṇītāstāḥ pitṛbhiś cābhinanditāḥ.

Predicative genitive.

Rem. If not a chief verb, but a nomen actionis is attended by the predicate of its object, both the object and its predicate are put in the genitive [110]. Panc. 67 the animals of the forest have engaged themselves to send every day one among them to the lion for food; when it was the turn of the hare, she went to the lion and said, she with four other hares had been sent by the animals, mama laghutarasya prastāvaṃ vijñāya »as they knew me to be reputed [a] rather insignificant [animal]”, Mâlav. I, p. 18 rājñaḥ samakṣamevāvayor adharottarayor vyaktir bhaviṣyati (in the very presence of the king it will appear which of us is superior and which inferior).

374. 分詞や分詞のはたらきをする名詞で表される述語的acc./nom.

2. 「見る」「聞く」「知る」「考える」「感じる」「思う」「願う」などの動詞の目的語にとっての述語を表す分詞。もちろん、それは目的語と一致しなければならないので、主動詞が能動態の場合はacc.であるが、受動態の場合はnom.である（6）。例えば、能動態ではmāṃ praviśantam apaśyat（彼は私が入ってくるのを見た）、受動態ではaham anena praviśann adṛśyeとなる。分詞の代わりに他の或る名詞を用いると、32-cに言及したイディオムが得られる。例えばmāṃ yuvānam apaśyat（he saw me being young = he saw, I was young）など。

よく用いられるところのacc.＋分詞は、ラテン語におけるacc.＋不定詞構文（サンスクリットには存在しない）の対応物である（390-補足）。これと同じはたらきをするのは、itiを伴う直接話法（oratio directa）と、接続詞yadやyathāを伴う関係文（491以下）である。

例文：
a.) 能動態
Panc. 51 kāñcid rājakanyāṃ kareṇukārūḍhāṃ… samāyātāṃ dṛṣṭavantau (they saw some princess approaching on elephant’s back)
Mudr. IV, p. 158 na māṃ dṛrī bhavantam icchati (the prince does not desire my being far)
Çâk. IV vetsi na mām upasthitam (you do not know, I am near)
Hit. 2 sa bhūpatir ekadā kenāpi paṭhyamānaṃ ślokadvayaṃ śuśrāva (once the king heard somebody read two çlokas)
Kathâs. 9, 74 śabareṇa haṭhākrāntamaṭavyāṃ sarpamaikṣata
Çâk. VII aṅgulīyakadarśanād ṛḍhapūrvāṃ tadduhitaram avagato ‘ham (on seeing the ring, I remembered that I had wedded his daughter)

最後の例については14-7をみよ。

b.) 受動態
Mudr. III, p. 120 kasmād āryeṇāpakrāmann upekṣitaḥ (why have you overlooked his withdrawal?)
R. 3, 67, 16 Jaṭâyu tells Râma, he has seen the carrying off of Sîtâ hriyamāṇā mayā dṛṣṭā rāvaṇena
Kathâs. 41, 4 mitreṇa kathito ‘dhunā… amuṣya bhrātā deśāntare mṛtaḥ (a friend has now told him, his brother died abroad)
Çâk. III gāndharveṇa vivāhena bahyvo rājarṣikanyakāḥ / śrūyante pariṇītāstāḥ pitṛbhiś cābhinanditāḥ

述語的gen.

【補足】
主動詞ではなく動作名詞（nomen actionis）がその目的語の述語となる場合、目的語とその述語が共にgen.に置かれる（110）。
Panc. 67 the animals of the forest have engaged themselves to send every day one among them to the lion for food; when it was the turn of the hare, she went to the lion and said, she with four other hares had been sent by the animals, mama laghutarasya prastāvaṃ vijñāya »as they knew me to be reputed [a] rather insignificant [animal]’’
Mâlav. I, p. 18 rājñaḥ samakṣamevāvayor adharottarayor vyaktir bhaviṣyati (in the very presence of the king it will appear which of us is superior and which inferior)