378. The continuous action expressed by periphrase.

IV. The participle of the present with āste(*1), tiṣṭhati, vartate, asti, bhavati is expressive of a continuous action and is to be compared with English to be with the partic. in -ing, cittayann āste or tiṣṭhati etc. „he is reflecting,” cittayann bhūt „he has been reflecting,” cittayann āsīt etc. — Panc. 42 kaulikaḥ… svākāraṃ nigūhamāṇaḥ sadaivāste (the weaver was always concealing his disposition), Kathâs. 42, 140 eṣo ‘nayā krīḍann āsta (he was sporting with her); Daç. 156 nṛpātmajā tu… rudanty eva sthāsyati (but the princess will not cease weeping), Panc. 330 sā yatnena rakṣyamāṇā tiṣṭhati (she is being guarded carefully); Mhbh. 1, 11, 5 tasyāhaṃ tapaso vīryaṃ jānann āsam (I was knowing the power of his ascese), Utt. II, p. 34 etat tad eva hi vanaṃ… yasminn abhrūma ciram eva purā vasantaḥ (this is the very forest, where we formerly dwelled for a long time), R. 2, 74, 2 mā mṛtaṃ rudatī bhava (do not weep for the dead one).

Rem. 1. The participle in -ta or a verbal adjective, provided that they have the meaning of a present, may be similarly construed with āste, tiṣṭhati and the rest. Panc. 285 sarvo ‘pi janaḥ svakarmaṇaiva ratas tiṣṭhati (everybody is content with his trade), ibid. 283 mahān matsyaḥ salilān niṣkramya bahiḥ sthita āste (— is staying outside the water), ibid. 160 tasya rakṣakasya bṛhatkanyā tatra śayane suptāsīt (— was sleeping on that couch), ibid. 318 paripūrṇā ‘yaṃ ghaṭaḥ saktubhir vartate (this pot is filled with porridge), R. 2, 75, 29 mā ca taṃ… drākṣīd rājyastham āsīnam (and may he never see him occupy the royal dignity), Vikram. IV, p. 131 nīpaskandhaniṣaṇṇas tiṣṭhati (— is sitting —).

Rem. 2. In the same way verbs meaning not ceasing to do are construed with the participle. Panc. 65 siṃho] nityam evānekān mṛgaśaśakādīn vyāpādayannopararāma (the lion did not cease killing —), ibid. 275 sāpi pratidinaṃ kuṭumbena saha kalahaṃ kurvāṇā na viśrāmyati.

Rem. 3. The archaic dialect expresses the continuous action also by the participle with the verb i, occasionally car (Cp. Whitney § 1075, a and b). Ait. Br. 1, 25, 2 tāṃ [sc. iṣuṃ] vyasṛjaṃstayā puro bhindanta āyan (it was this, they shot off, and by which they destroyed the towns), Pancaviṃçabrâhmaṇa adaṇḍyaṃ daṇḍena ghnantaś caranti (*2).

Rem. 4. Note that the auxiliaries may also be put in the passive. See 32 b.

(*1)
Cp. the similar employment of Homeric ἧσθαι. II. α, 133 ἦ ἐθέλεις, ὄφρ᾿ αὐτὸς ἔχῃς γέρας, αὐτὰρ ἔμ᾿ αὔτως / ἧσθαι δευόμενον.

(*2)
Cp. this passage from a classic author (Panc. 282) sā [sc. bhāryā] na kathaṃcid gṛhe sthairyam ālambate kevalaṃ parapuruṣān anveṣamāṇā paribhramati.

378. 迂言で表される継続する行為

4. āste、tiṣṭhati、vartate、asti、bhavatiを伴う現在分詞は、継続する（continuous）行為を表し、英語だと”to be”や現在分詞-ingと比較される。cittayann āste (tiṣṭhati)＝「彼は反省している」（he is reflecting）、cittayann bhūt＝「彼は反省し続けている」（he has been reflecting）、cittayann āsīt、など。
Panc. 42 kaulikaḥ… svākāraṃ nigūhamāṇaḥ sadaivāste (the weaver was always concealing his disposition)
Kathâs. 42, 140 eṣo ‘nayā krīḍann āsta (he was sporting with her)
Daç. 156 nṛpātmajā tu… rudanty eva sthāsyati (but the princess will not cease weeping)
Panc. 330 sā yatnena rakṣyamāṇā tiṣṭhati (she is being guarded carefully)
Mhbh. 1, 11, 5 tasyāhaṃ tapaso vīryaṃ jānann āsam (I was knowing the power of his ascese)
Utt. II, p. 34 etat tad eva hi vanaṃ… yasminn abhrūma ciram eva purā vasantaḥ (this is the very forest, where we formerly dwelled for a long time)
R. 2, 74, 2 mā mṛtaṃ rudatī bhava (do not weep for the dead one)

【補足1】
分詞-taや動詞的形容詞は、現在時制の意味を与える場合、同様に、āsteやtiṣṭhatiその他と文法的に結びつく。
Panc. 285 sarvo ‘pi janaḥ svakarmaṇaiva ratas tiṣṭhati (everybody is content with his trade)
ibid. 283 mahān matsyaḥ salilān niṣkramya bahiḥ sthita āste (— is staying outside the water)
ibid. 160 tasya rakṣakasya bṛhatkanyā tatra śayane suptāsīt (— was sleeping on that couch)
ibid. 318 paripūrṇā ‘yaṃ ghaṭaḥ saktubhir vartate (this pot is filled with porridge)
R. 2, 75, 29 mā ca taṃ… drākṣīd rājyastham āsīnam (and may he never see him occupy the royal dignity)
Vikram. IV, p. 131 nīpaskandhaniṣaṇṇas tiṣṭhati (— is sitting —)

【補足2】
同じ仕方で、「…するのをやめないでいる」（not ceasing to do）を意味しない動詞は、分詞と文法的に結びつく。
Panc. 65 siṃho] nityam evānekān mṛgaśaśakādīn vyāpādayannopararāma (the lion did not cease killing —)
ibid. 275 sāpi pratidinaṃ kuṭumbena saha kalahaṃ kurvāṇā na viśrāmyati

【補足3】
ヴェーダ語は、継続する行為を、分詞＋√i、場合により√car、によっても表す（Whitney § 1075, a, b）。
Ait. Br. 1, 25, 2 tāṃ [sc. iṣuṃ] vyasṛjaṃstayā puro bhindanta āyan (it was this, they shot off, and by which they destroyed the towns)
Pancaviṃçabrâhmaṇa adaṇḍyaṃ daṇḍena ghnantaś caranti （*2）

【補足4】
助動詞が受動文にも置かれうることに注意せよ。32-bをみよ。

（*1）
〔『イリアス』における〕ホメロスの古代ギリシャ語におけるἧσθαιの似た用法と比較せよ：
Iλιάς, II. α, 133 ἦ ἐθέλεις, ὄφρ᾿ αὐτὸς ἔχῃς γέρας, αὐτὰρ ἔμ᾿ αὔτως / ἧσθαι δευόμενον.

（*2）
この古典サンスクリットの著述からの一節とも比較せよ。
Panc. 282 sā [sc. bhāryā] na kathaṃcid gṛhe sthairyam ālambate kevalaṃ parapuruṣān anveṣamāṇā paribhramati