381. Gerund expressive of simultaneousness.

Not always the gerund can be said to denote a past action, done previously to the chief action. Sometimes there is simultaneousness. R. 3, 43, 9 evaṃ bruvāṇaṃ kākutsthaṃ prativārya śucismitā / uvāca sītā, here prativārya and bruvāṇam are simultaneous, »Laxmana thus speaking and dissuading her.” Cp. Daç. 159 kena vā nimittenotsavam anādṛtyaikānte bhavān utkaṇiṭhata iva… tiṣṭhati (by what cause do you keep a part, not caring for the feast, as if longing for somebody?), ibid. 182 ahaṃ yuṣmadājñayā pitṛpanam abhirakṣya tadupajīvī prativasāmi (by your orders I guard the cemetery and in virtue of this function it is there that I dwell). — Cp. also the idiom, taught 203.

Hence the gerund, in the same way as the participle of the present (378), may even attend such verbs as āste, tiṣṭhati, vartate, to signify a continuous action. Kumâras. 1, 1 pūrvāparau toyanidhī vagāhya sthitaḥ pṛthivyā iva mānadaṇḍaḥ (extending to both oceans, the eastern and the western, [Mount Himâlaya] stands as the measuring stick of the earth). Daç. 177 sarvapaurānatītya vartate (he is the foremost of all the townsmen)(*1), M. 7, 195 uparudhyārimāsīta (he [the king] must keep the enemy invested).

Rem. Occasionally the gerund is even expressive of a predicative attribute. R. 3, 19, 4 kālapāśaṃ samāsajya kaṇṭhe mohān na budhyate (be is unaware, be has fastened the rope of Death round his neck), Mâlav. V, p. 124 sakhe / madapekṣām anuvṛtyānayā dhāriṇyā pūrvacaritaiḥ sambhāvyata evaitat (my friend, you only think so from Dh. having acted up to my desire by her former actions!). R. 2, 73, 4 aṅgāram upaguhya sma pitā menāvabuddhavān.

(*1)
Cp. vartate with the instrumental 87 R. 1.

381. 同時性を表す絶対分詞

絶対分詞は、文の主行為の前に行われた過去の行為を表す、とは常には言えない。時に同時性を表すことがある。例えば以下の最初の例文では、prativāryaとbruvāṇamは同時に起こっている。
R 3, 43, 9 evaṃ bruvāṇaṃ kākutsthaṃ prativārya śucismitā / uvāca sītā （Laxmana thus speaking and dissuading her）
Daç. 159 kena vā nimittenotsavam anādṛtyaikānte bhavān utkaṇiṭhata iva… tiṣṭhati (by what cause do you keep a part, not caring for the feast, as if longing for somebody?)
ibid. 182 ahaṃ yuṣmadājñayā pitṛpanam abhirakṣya tadupajīvī prativasāmi (by your orders I guard the cemetery and in virtue of this function it is there that I dwell)

203に述べたイディオムも参照せよ。

よって絶対分詞は、現在分詞（378）と同様に、継続する行為を表すためにāste・tiṣṭhati・vartateのような動詞を伴いもする。
Kumâras. 1, 1 pūrvāparau toyanidhī vagāhya sthitaḥ pṛthivyā iva mānadaṇḍaḥ (extending to both oceans, the eastern and the western, [Mount Himâlaya] stands as the measuring stick of the earth)
Daç. 177 sarvapaurānatītya vartate (he is the foremost of all the townsmen) （*1）
M. 7, 195 uparudhyārimāsīta (he [the king] must keep the enemy invested)

【補足】
時に絶対分詞は述語の属性をも表す。
R. 3, 19, 4 kālapāśaṃ samāsajya kaṇṭhe mohān na budhyate (be is unaware, be has fastened the rope of Death round his neck)
Mâlav. V, p. 124 sakhe / madapekṣām anuvṛtyānayā dhāriṇyā pūrvacaritaiḥ sambhāvyata evaitat (my friend, you only think so from Dh. having acted up to my desire by her former actions!)
R. 2, 73, 4 aṅgāram upaguhya sma pitā menāvabuddhavān

（*1）
inst.を伴うvartate（87-補足1）を参照。