387. Infinitive joining passive verbs, and to be rendered by the passive inf. of English.

Like the nouns of action, the infinitive by itself neither belongs to the active voice nor to the passive. It may be construed with both classes of verbal forms, and seems to have an active meaning, when it is the complement of an active verb, but a passive, when of a passive. Panc. 258 we read kathaṃ śakyate tatra gantum sc. kenacit, which is just as good as kathaṃ kaścic chaknoti tatra gantum; in the former sentence the subject is denoted by an instrumental, in the latter by a nominative, but in both it is the self-same infinitive, that completes the finite verb. Likewise it is equally correct to say mayā kaṭaḥ kartuṃ śakyate as ahaṃ śaknomi kaṭaṃ kartum.

Instances of the infinitive attending in this manner a passive, are exceedingly frequent with śakyate, śakyaḥ, śakyam (388), occasionally also with other verbs. Hit. 6 mayā nītiṃ grāhayituṃ śakyante (by me they can be taught politics), R. 2, 86, 11 na devāsuraiḥ śakyaḥ prasahituṃ yudhi (he cannot be withstood by all the devas and asuras together); — Prabodh. VI, p. 119 kaiḥ kair nāham… īhitā… dāsīkartum (how many have not endeavoured to bring me into bondage?), Viddhaç. I, p. 15 dhārayituṃ na pāritā kiṃ punar anunetum (I could not hold her, much less appease her). Cp. also Kumâras. 7, 57. This idiom is even used in such sentences, as Hit. 50 atrāṭavīrājye ‘bhiṣektuṃ bhavān nirūpitaḥ (it is you who have been chosen to be anointed king in this forest), and Mudr. III, p. 106: Candragupta has sent for his minister Câṇakya. When arrived, the minister asks the king, for what reason he has been sent for; after hearing the reason, he replies vṛṣala / upālabdhuṃ tarhi vyamāhūnāḥ (then I have been ordered here to be upbraided).

Rem. With those participles in -ta, which have sometimes an active and sometimes a passive meaning, the infinitive is accordingly used in both senses. Cp. (passive) Panc. 275 tvayā striyo ‘rtha etat kāryam anuṣṭhātum ārabdham with (intransitive) Panc. 276 atha tau jalaṃ pītvā vanaphalāni bhakṣayitvā gantum ārabdhau. Of śak, however, there exists a partic. śakitaṃ, which is exclusively to be used with an infinitive in the passive voice, whereas śakta is always active (*1). Likewise yatita, not yatna, is put to the infinitive, when bearing a passive meaning. Mhbh. 1, 154, 9 apanetuṃ ca yatito na caiva śakito mayā.

(*1)
Kâç. on P. 7, 2, 17 teaches the form śakita for the passive, but he adds, that śakta may also be used even then: saunāgāḥ karmaṇi niṣṭhāyāṃ śakeriṭam icchanti vikalpena / śakito ghaṭaḥ kartum / śakto ghaṭaḥ kartum but when impersonal passive, one always says śakta, ibid. bhāve na bhavaty eva / śaktam anena.

387. 受動態の動詞と結びつく不定詞

動作名詞と同様に、不定詞それ自体は能動態にも受動態にも属さない。どちらの種類の動詞形とも結びつくことができ、能動の動詞を補完する場合には能動的意味を、受動的動詞を補完する場合には受動的意味をもつようである。
Panc. 258 kathaṃ śakyate tatra gantum [kenacit]

これはkathaṃ kaścic chaknoti tatra gantumと等しい。前者では主語がinst.で、後者ではnom.で表されているが、どちらにおいても、定動詞を補完する不定詞は同一である。同様に、mayā kaṭaḥ kartuṃ śakyateとahaṃ śaknomi kaṭaṃ kartumは等しく正しい。

この仕方で受動文に付随する不定詞の用例は、śakyate・śakyaḥ・śakyam（388）が頻繁で、時に他の動詞をも伴うことがある。
Hit. 6 mayā nītiṃ grāhayituṃ śakyante (by me they can be taught politics)
R. 2, 86, 11 na devāsuraiḥ śakyaḥ prasahituṃ yudhi (he cannot be withstood by all the devas and asuras together)
Prabodh. VI, p. 119 kaiḥ kair nāham… īhitā… dāsīkartum (how many have not endeavoured to bring me into bondage?)
Viddhaç. I, p. 15 dhārayituṃ na pāritā kiṃ punar anunetum (I could not hold her, much less appease her)

Kumâras. 7, 57とも比較せよ。このイディオムは以下のような文でも用いられる：
Hit. 50 atrāṭavīrājye ‘bhiṣektuṃ bhavān nirūpitaḥ (it is you who have been chosen to be anointed king in this forest)
Mudr. III, p. 106: Candragupta has sent for his minister Câṇakya. When arrived, the minister asks the king, for what reason he has been sent for; after hearing the reason, he replies vṛṣala / upālabdhuṃ tarhi vyamāhūnāḥ (then I have been ordered here to be upbraided)

【補足】
時に能動、時に受動の意味をもつ分詞-taを伴うと、結果として不定詞は両方の意味で用いられる。
(passive) Panc. 275 tvayā striyo ‘rtha etat kāryam anuṣṭhātum ārabdham
(intransitive) Panc. 276 atha tau jalaṃ pītvā vanaphalāni bhakṣayitvā gantum ārabdhau

実際には、√śakの分詞形に関して、śaktaは常に能動であるのに対し、専ら受動態で不定詞とともに用いられる分詞形śakitaṃがある（*1）。同様に〔√yāに関して〕、受動的意味をもつ場合、yatnaでなくyatitaが用いられる。
Mhbh. 1, 154, 9 apanetuṃ ca yatito na caiva śakito mayā

（*1）
Kâç. on P. 7, 2, 17は受動の形態にśakitaを説いているが、以下のような場合にはśaktaも用いられうると付け加えている：
saunāgāḥ karmaṇi niṣṭhāyāṃ śakeriṭam icchanti vikalpena / śakito ghaṭaḥ kartum / śakto ghaṭaḥ kartum

けれども、非人称の受動言の場合では常にśaktaである。
ibid. bhāve na bhavaty eva / śaktam anena