399.

The other restrictives are kevalam, param, kāmam and tāvat.

kevalam and param.

Of these, kevalam and param are = „only, at least, but.” Panc. 312 na vetsi tvaṃ jītaṃ kevalam unnadasi, Kathâs. 32, 143 yogabalena cet / eṣā rājñā navā bhāryā hanyate tan na yujyate / … tasmād buddhibalenaiṣā rājño viśliṣyatāṃ param.

kāmam

kāmam mostly announces some adversative particle, being almost = »to be sure” (442, 1°). It is but seldom used without adversative sentence. Daç. 126 yady apsarobhiḥ saṃgacchase saṃgacchasva kāmam (if you have intercourse with apsarases, so).

tāvat

tāvat has a peculiar employment. Properly it is, an elliptical phrase, for at the outset it, must have meant something like this: „as much [is certain].” Accordingly it advances a statement which is asserted „at all events” or „at least” or „before others.” As it is often an enclitic, the said translations are generally too forcible. In expositions of many links one likes to put tāvat to the first of them, then it may be compared with fr. „d’abord,” cp. 439. It is also much used in exhortations and with imperatives.

Examples: Kathâs. 28, 60 aho keyamasaṃbhāvyavapurbhavet / na tāvanmānuṣī (o! who may this beautiful woman be? She is, at all events, not a mortal). Panc. 318 a brahman thus reflects paripūrṇo ‘yaṃ ghaṭastāvatsaktubhir vartate / tadyadi durbhikṣaṃ bhavati tadanena rūpakāṇāṃ śatamutpadyate (well, this pot is filled with porridge, now if there should be a famine, then —), ibid. 37 Damanaka says to Karataka āvāṃ tāvadapradhānatāṃ gatau / eṣa piṅgalakaḥ… svavyāpāraparāṅmukhaḥ saṃjātaḥ / sarvo ‘pi parijano gataḥ / tatkiṃ kriyate (in the first place we have lost our influence, next our king has become averse to his duty, and finally all his attendants are gone, what is to be done in these circumstances?), ibid. 23 tat tāvaj jānāmi kasyāyaṃ śabdaḥ (therefore, I will know at least, whose voice it is), Mudr. III, p. 114 yat tallekhyapattraṃ tāvad dīyatām (only, give up the letter). Çâk. VI the king eagerly exclaims dhanus tāvat (my bow! = »I want to have my bow and to have it soon”); likewise Mâlav. I, p. 20 the king greets the dancing-masters svāgataṃ bhavaddyām, then turning to his attendance he continues āsane tāvadtrabhavatoḥ, cp. Vikram. V, p. 180 argho ‘rghas tāvat.

jātu

Rem. jātu, an old emphatic particle, seems to be restricted to poetry and almost to negative and interrogative sentences: na jātu »not at all.” Sometimes it may be almost = »perchance, perhaps.” Kathâs. 25, 24 jānīyātsa vṛddho jātu tāṃ purīm. Sometimes cit is affixed to it, see 402.

399. 他の限定詞

他の限定詞はkevalam、param、kāmam、tāvatである。

○kevalam・param

これらのうちkevalamとparamは「…だけ」（only）、「少なくとも」（at least）、「ほんの…」（but）を意味する。
Panc. 312 na vetsi tvaṃ jītaṃ kevalam unnadasi
Kathâs. 32, 143 yogabalena cet / eṣā rājñā navā bhāryā hanyate tanna yujyate / … tasmād buddhibalenaiṣā rājño viśliṣyatāṃ param

○kāmam

kāmamは殆どの場合、何らかの逆接の不変化辞、ほとんどは「なるほど～であるが…」（to be sure）を表す（442-1）。これは逆接の文のない場合には滅多に用いられない。
Daç. 126 yady apsarobhiḥ saṃgacchase saṃgacchasva kāmam (if you have intercourse with apsarases, so)

○tāvat

tāvatは特有の用法をもつ。正確には省略形のフレーズであるが、当初は、「…は確かである」（as much [is certain]）のようなものを意味していたに違いない。したがって、「いずれにしても」（at all events）または「少なくとも」（at least）または「そもそも」（before others）を主張する記述を提出する。これはしばしば前接語であるので、前の翻訳は概して強引に過ぎる。語の最初にtāvatを付すのが好まれるので、フランス語の”d’abord”と比較できる（439）。Ipv.を伴う勧奨文でもよく用いられる。

Examples:
Kathâs. 28, 60 aho keyamasaṃbhāvyavapurbhavet / na tāvanmānuṣī (o! who may this beautiful woman be? She is, at all events, not a mortal)
Panc. 318 a brahman thus reflects paripūrṇo ‘yaṃ ghaṭastāvatsaktubhir vartate / tadyadi durbhikṣaṃ bhavati tadanena rūpakāṇāṃ śatamutpadyate (well, this pot is filled with porridge, now if there should be a famine, then —)
ibid. 37 Damanaka says to Karataka āvāṃ tāvadapradhānatāṃ gatau / eṣa piṅgalakaḥ… svavyāpāraparāṅmukhaḥ saṃjātaḥ / sarvo ‘pi parijano gataḥ / tatkiṃ kriyate (in the first place we have lost our influence, next our king has become averse to his duty, and finally all his attendants are gone, what is to be done in these circumstances?)
ibid. 23 tat tāvaj jānāmi kasyāyaṃ śabdaḥ (therefore, I will know at least, whose voice it is)
Mudr. III, p. 114 yat tallekhyapattraṃ tāvad dīyatām (only, give up the letter)
Çâk. VI the king eagerly exclaims dhanus tāvat (my bow! = »I want to have my bow and to have it soon”)
Mâlav. I, p. 20 the king greets the dancing-masters svāgataṃ bhavaddyām, then turning to his attendance he continues āsane tāvadtrabhavatoḥ
cp. Vikram. V, p. 180 argho ‘rghas tāvat.

jātu

【補足】
古い強調の不変化辞jātuは、詩文、かつほとんどが否定文と疑問文に限定されるようである：na jātu（not at all）。「ことによると」（perchance）や「たぶん」（perhaps）とほぼ等しいこともある。
Kathâs. 25, 24 jānīyātsa vṛddho jātu tāṃ purīm

citがこれに付加されることがある。402をみよ。