401. na. Its place in the sentence.
The general negation is na. It negatives as well single words or notions as whole statements. In the former case it is put immediately before the word denied. Panc. 147 parijñātastvaṃ samyaṅ na suhṛt (I have clearly experienced you to be an unfriend).
When denying the whole statement, one is tolerably free where to put the negation. Commonly, two places are preferred: either at the head of the whole sentence — so regularly for rhetorical purposes, as in the case of antithesis, epanaphora, also in emphatical denials — or just before the verb. Yet, as has been said, any other place is admissible and very often met with, especially in poets.
Examples: na heading the sentence. Panc. 26 na dīnopari mahāntaḥ kupyantīti na tvaṃ tena nipātitaḥ (as men of superior rank do not feel angry towards a wretch, he has not killed you), Mudr. IV, p. 187 na mayā suciramapi vicārayatā teṣāṃ vākyārtho ‘dhigataḥ (though I have been reflecting on it quite a while, I do not understand what it is, they speak of); — of na just before the verb: Panc. 48 nāpito vaktuṃ na śaśāka, Hit. 95 ko ‘py upāyo ‘smākaṃ jīvanāya nāsti.
anaphora: Panc. I, 4 na sā vidyā na tad dānaṃ na tacchilpaṃ na sā kalā / arthārthibhir na tatsthairyaṃ dhanināṃ yan na gīyate (no knowledge, no munificence, no skill, no art, no perseverance can be imagined which is not praised in the wealthy by those who desire profit of them); — emphatic denial: Panc. 54 the weaver, who acts the part of Vishṇu says to the princess subhage nāhaṃ darśanapathaṃ mānuṣāṇāṃ gacchāmi.
Instances of another place, than at the head or be fore the verb: Daç. 198 tam alam asmi nāham uddhartum (I am not able to rescue him), Hit. 9 ahaṃ… na kathaṃ viśvāsabhūmiḥ, Kumâras. 5, 5 sutāṃ śaśāka menā na niyantumudyamāt, Panc. I, 27 kiṃ tena jātu jātena… ārohati na yaḥ svasya vaṃśasyāgre dhvajo yayā; ibid. II, 168 vāñchā nivartate nārthaiḥ = nārthair vāñchā ni-; Kathâs. 24, 171 tat kiṃ tvam eva mūlyena gṛhṇāsyābharaṇaṃ na tat.
Rem. na is sometimes by itself the whole predicate, the verb being implied. Daç. 156 tasmai ceyam anumatā dātum itarasmai na (she was destined for him, not for another), Panc. 116 sādhoḥ śikṣā guṇāya saṃpadyate nāsādhoḥ (education turns to advantage in a good man, but in a wicked one not so).
401. 文中におけるna
一般的な否定辞はnaである。これは単語・観念・記述全体を等しく否定する。単語を否定する場合には、否定される語の直前に置かれる。
Panc. 147 parijñātastvaṃ samyaṅ na suhṛt (I have clearly experienced you to be an unfriend)
記述全体を否定する場合、否定辞の置く場所はかなり自由である。ふつう2つの場所が好まれる：文全体の先頭—一般に対句（antithesis）、頭語反復（epanaphora）のような修辞的目的のため、また強い否定の場合—か、あるいは動詞の直前である。けれども、既に言ったように、特に詩文においては、いかなる場所にも置かれ得、みられる。
例：
・文頭にあるna
Panc. 26 na dīnopari mahāntaḥ kupyantīti na tvaṃ tena nipātitaḥ (as men of superior rank do not feel angry towards a wretch, he has not killed you)
Mudr. IV, p. 187 na mayā suciram api vicārayatā teṣāṃ vākyārtho ‘dhigataḥ (though I have been reflecting on it quite a while, I do not understand what it is, they speak of)
・動詞の直前にあるna
Panc. 48 nāpito vaktuṃ na śaśāka
Hit. 95 ko ‘py upāyo ‘smākaṃ jīvanāya nāsti
・頭語反復
Panc. I, 4 na sā vidyā na tad dānaṃ na tacchilpaṃ na sā kalā / arthārthibhir na tatsthairyaṃ dhanināṃ yan na gīyate (no knowledge, no munificence, no skill, no art, no perseverance can be imagined which is not praised in the wealthy by those who desire profit of them)
・強い否定
Panc. 54 the weaver, who acts the part of Vishṇu says to the princess subhage nāhaṃ darśanapathaṃ mānuṣāṇāṃ gacchāmi
・文頭や動詞の直前以外
Daç. 198 tam alam asmi nāham uddhartum (I am not able to rescue him)
Hit. 9 ahaṃ… na kathaṃ viśvāsabhūmiḥ
Kumâras. 5, 5 sutāṃ śaśāka menā na niyantumudyamāt
Panc. I, 27 kiṃ tena jātu jātena… ārohati na yaḥ svasya vaṃśasyāgre dhvajo yayā
ibid. II, 168 vāñchā nivartate nārthaiḥ = nārthair vāñchā ni-
Kathâs. 24, 171 tat kiṃ tvam eva mūlyena gṛhṇāsyābharaṇaṃ na tat
【補足】
naは、動詞が暗示されている場合、それ自体が述語全体であることがある。
Daç. 156 tasmai ceyam anumatā dātum itarasmai na (she was destined for him, not for another)
Panc. 116 sādhoḥ śikṣā guṇāya saṃpadyate nāsādhoḥ (education turns to advantage in a good man, but in a wicked one not so)