412. Interrogative particles.

II. In such interrogative sentences, as put the whole fact into question, interrogative particles are sometimes added, sometimes omitted. When they are omitted, the verb mostly heads the sentence. When added, it is they that are usually put at the head. The said particles are api, uta, kim and kiñcit.

a). Examples of questions without interrog. particle: Panc. 21 bho damanaka śṛṇoṣi śabdaṃ dṛrān mahān tam (say, Dam., do you hear a noise distant and great?), ibid. 326 asti tasya durātmanaḥ pratiṣedhopāyaḥ kaścit (is there any means for checking that scoundrel?), Mâlav. IX, p. 159 kathaya jīvati me priyā (say, does my sweetheart live?).

b). Examples of questions with interrog. particle:

1. api. — Panc. 35 api bhavataḥ śivam (v. a. are you in good health?), ibid. 25 api satyam (is it true?), Kathâs. 24, 208 api jānītha (do you know?), Vikram. IV, p. 142 api dṛṣtavān asi mama priyāṃ vane.

2. uta, in simple questions very rare and obsolete, it seems. Kâç. on P. 3, 3, 152 uta daṇḍaḥ patiṣyati (will the stick fall?). As to its use in alternatives see 414.

3. kim. — Daç. 170 śaknoṣi kim = Lat. potesne?

4. kañcit. — R. 1, 52, 7 kañcit te kuśalaṃ rājan… kañcit te vijitāḥ sarve ripavaḥ (are you in good health; king? … have you subdued all your enemies?), Mhbh. 1, 5, 1 purāṇam akhilaṃ tāta pitā te ‘dhītavānpurā / kañcit tvam api tatsarvam adhoṣe, cp. Nala. 4, 24, Kathâs. 75, 93 etc.

Rem. Like the other interrogatives (409, 3°) the said particles may be strengthened by adding to them some other particle as iva, vā, nu, u, nāma. Of the kind is api nāma, kiṃ nu, kiṃ nu khalu, kim iva and the like. — Çâk. I api nāma kulapater iyam asavarṇakṣetrasaṃbhavā bhavet (can she have been born to the chief of the family from a wife of a different caste?); ibid. VII kiṃ vā śakuntaletyasya mātur ākhyā (is Çak. perhaps the name of his mother?); Bhoj. 64 tataḥ kavirvyacintayat / kim u rājñā nāśrāvi (what can I see more unhappy than this?); Mhbh. 1, 151, 28 kiṃ nu duḥkhataraṃ śakyaṃ mayā draṣṭum ataḥ param; Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 kiñcit nu duḥkhair buddhis te viluptā gatavetasaḥ.

412. 疑問を表す不変化辞

II. 事実全体を質問するような疑問文では、疑問を表す不変化辞は、付加されることもあれば、省略されることもある。省略される場合、ほとんど動詞が文頭に来る。付加される場合、不変化辞が文頭に来る。上述の不変化辞はapi、uta、kim、kiñcitである。

a.) 疑問を表す不変化辞のないもの
Panc. 21 bho damanaka śṛṇoṣi śabdaṃ dṛrān mahān tam (say, Dam., do you hear a noise distant and great?)
ibid. 326 asti tasya durātmanaḥ pratiṣedhopāyaḥ kaścit (is there any means for checking that scoundrel?)
Mâlav. IX, p. 159 kathaya jīvati me priyā (say, does my sweetheart live?)

b.) 疑問を表す不変化辞のあるもの

1. api
Panc. 35 api bhavataḥ śivam (v. a. are you in good health?)
ibid. 25 api satyam (is it true?)
Kathâs. 24, 208 api jānītha (do you know?)
Vikram. IV, p. 142 api dṛṣtavān asi mama priyāṃ vane

2. uta
単純な疑問文ではかなり稀で、かつ廃れた用法のようである。
Kâç. on P. 3, 3, 152 uta daṇḍaḥ patiṣyati (will the stick fall?)

utaの新しい用法については414をみよ。

3. kim
Daç. 170 śaknoṣi kim = Lat. potesne?

4. kañcit
R. 1, 52, 7 kañcit te kuśalaṃ rājan… kañcit te vijitāḥ sarve ripavaḥ (are you in good health; king? … have you subdued all your enemies?)
Mhbh. 1, 5, 1 purāṇam akhilaṃ tāta pitā te ‘dhītavānpurā / kañcit tvam api tatsarvam adhoṣe

Nala. 4, 24、Kathâs. 75, 93なども参照せよ。

【補足】
他の疑問詞（409-3）と同様に、前述の不変化辞は、iva、vā、nu、u、nāmaのような或る他の不変化辞が付加されることによって〔意味が〕強められる。api nāma、kiṃ nu、kiṃ nu khalu、kim iva等の類である。
Çâk. I api nāma kulapater iyam asavarṇakṣetrasaṃbhavā bhavet (can she have been born to the chief of the family from a wife of a different caste?)
ibid. VII kiṃ vā śakuntaletyasya mātur ākhyā (is Çak. perhaps the name of his mother?)
Bhoj. 64 tataḥ kavirvyacintayat / kim u rājñā nāśrāvi (what can I see more unhappy than this?)
Mhbh. 1, 151, 28 kiṃ nu duḥkhataraṃ śakyaṃ mayā draṣṭum ataḥ param
Mhbh. 1, 162, 11 kiñcit nu duḥkhair buddhis te viluptā gatavetasaḥ