416. Exclamations and particles of exclamation.

Exclamation is either signified by simple interjections, as hā (alas), bata (ah), ahaha (oh!) āḥ, aho both expressive of surprise and strong emotion, dhik (fy), and nouns used as such, as kaṣṭam (it is a pity, alas), diṣṭyā (thanks to God), sādhu (well done), āścaryam (marvellous), śāntaṃ or śāntaṃ pāpam — see Rem. on 2 — or expressed by a full sentence, commonly beginning with one of the said interjections or exclamative particles.

Exclamative sentences, introduced by interrogative pronouns or pronominal adverbs are, not nearly so often met with in Sanskrit as in our language. Still, the idiom exists. Daç. 67 king Râjahamsa rejoices when seeing again his comrades and exclaims kathaṃ samasta eṣa mitragaṇaḥ samāgataḥ ko nāmāyam abhyudayaḥ, Ven. I, p. 25 Sahadeva to Bhîma kā khalu velā tatrabhavatyāḥ prāptāyāḥ (how long it is, indeed, since Mylady is here!).

Here are some examples of exclamatives: Panc. 25 aho śobhanam āpatitam, here aho is expressive of joy, but R. 2, 115, 3 gataś cāho divaṃ rājā it expresses sorrow; — R. 2, 12, 73 vaidehī bata me prāṇān śocantī kṣapayiṣyati, — Kumâras. 3, 20 aho and bata together: aho batāsi spṛhaṇīyavīryaḥ; — Mhbh. 1, 157, 41 aho dhik kāṃ gatiṃ tvadya gamiṣyāmi; Panc. 158 dhiṅ mūrkha tvaṃ- (for shame, you blockhead, you —); — Mudr. III, p. 104 ā jñātam (o I remember); Prabodh. passim āḥ pāpa (o, you rascal!); — Mudr. II, p. 84 diṣṭyā dṛṣṭo ‘si tatpariṣvajasva mām.

416. 感嘆、および感嘆の不変化辞

感嘆は、一つには、驚きと強い感情の両方を表すhā、bata（嗚呼！）、aho、ahaha（おぉ）、āḥのような単純な間投詞（interjection）や、不快を表すdhik、そしてkaṣṭam（残念だ）、diṣṭyā（神に感謝します）、sādhu（良いことだ）、āścaryam（すばらしい）、śāntaṃ、śāntaṃ pāpam（2の補足をみよ）のような間投詞として用いられる名詞で表されるか、あるいは、一般に上記の間投詞または感嘆の不変化辞のいずれかで始まる文章で表される。

疑問代名詞や代名詞的副詞で始まる感嘆文は、サンスクリットでは、我々の言語ほど頻繁に見られることはない。とはいえ、イディオムは存在する。
Daç. 67 king Râjahamsa rejoices when seeing again his comrades and exclaims kathaṃ samasta eṣa mitragaṇaḥ samāgataḥ ko nāmāyam abhyudayaḥ
Ven. I, p. 25 Sahadeva to Bhîma kā khalu velā tatrabhavatyāḥ prāptāyāḥ (how long it is, indeed, since Mylady is here!)

感嘆の例：
Panc. 25 aho śobhanam āpatitam （喜びを表すaho）
R. 2, 115, 3 gataś cāho divaṃ rājā （悲しみを表すaho）
R. 2, 12, 73 vaidehī bata me prāṇān śocantī kṣapayiṣyati
Kumâras. 3, 20 aho batāsi spṛhaṇīyavīryaḥ （ahoとbataの併用）
Mhbh. 1, 157, 41 aho dhik kāṃ gatiṃ tvadya gamiṣyāmi
Panc. 158 dhiṅ mūrkha tvaṃ- (for shame, you blockhead, you —)
Mudr. III, p. 104 ā jñātam (o I remember)
Prabodh. 【頻出】 āḥ pāpa (o, you rascal!)
Mudr. II, p. 84 diṣṭyā dṛṣṭo ‘si tatpariṣvajasva mām