422.

As the connection of sentences is the subject-matter of the last Section of this Syntax, it will here suffice to give a succinct account of the connective particles severally, especially with regard to their linking together words within the compass of one and the same sentence.

ca.

1. ca is the copulative particle par excellence „and.” It is as a rule subjoined to the word annexed, as rāmo lakṣmaṇaś ca, but if it annexes a complex of words or a whole sentence, it is affixed to the first word, as pitā mātuś ca svasā (father and mother’s sister). Panc. 225 caireṇa] kaścid dṛṣṭaḥ / dṛṣṭvā ca taṃ… cauro ‘bravīt. This order is seldom inverted in prose (f. i. Panc. 126 rājño vakṣo dvidhā jātaṃ rājā mṛtaś ca instead of mṛtaś ca rājā), oftener in poetry. Nala. I, 22 nipetuste garutmantaḥ sā dadarśa ca tān gaṇān, Kathâs. 44, 3: the preceding sentence is sa piturgṛhe… avasatsukham, then there follows ekadā piturāsthāne sthitaś ca puruṣaṃ… dadarśa saḥ.

Sometimes in poetry ca is put between the two links connected by it. Mhbh. 1, 148, 2 atha yudhiṣṭhiraḥ / bhīmasenārjunau cobhau yamau provāca (then Yudh. addressed Bhîm., Arj. and the twins), M. 9, 322 iha cāmutra vardhate (he becomes great in this world and in the other).

In poets, ca is not rarely put to each of the members connected, also in archaic prose; see f. i. Ch. Up. 1, 3, 2, and cp. τε…τε of Greek poets. But if it is necessary to state that the same thing is endowed with different qualities etc. at the same time, this idiom is also used in prose. Pat. I, p. 430 yājñikaś cāyaṃ caiyākaraṇaś ca (he is an accomplished sacrificer as well as a grammarian), Prabodh. I, p. 15 modaṃ janayati ca saṃmohayati ca (it procures joy and perplexes at the same time). — As to ca… ca expressive of simultaneousness, see 438 R. 2.

Rem. 1. If three or more terms are to be connected, ca is generally put but once, and with the last of them. Panc. 6 bhikṣayā nṛpasevayā kṛṣikarmaṇā vidyopārjanena vyavahāreṇa ca (by begging, by attending on the prince, by agriculture, by turning one’s learning into money, and by trade), Daç. 78 subhagena ca mayā svadhanasya svagṛhasya svagaṇasya svadehasya svajīvitasya ca saiveśvarī kṛtā. Then ca is rarely wanting, sometimes in rhetorical style, as Pat. I, p. 431 ahar ahar nayamāno gām aśvaṃ puruṣaṃ paśum, R. 3, 69, 32 karābhyāṃ vividhāngṛhya ṛkṣān pakṣigaṇān mṛgān, and in some phrases, as Mṛcch. I, p. 20 bhāgyakrameṇa hi dhanāni bhavanti yānti (v. a. as soon as they have come, they disappear), Bhoj. 10 jarāṃ mṛtyuṃ bhayaṃ vyādhiṃ yo jānāsi sa pāṇḍitaḥ.

Rem. 2. Sometimes ca must be translated by a more energetic particle than »and.” It may be = »even.” R. 1, 1, 4 kasya bibhyati devāś ca (of whom are even the gods afraid?), it may be a slight affirmative and even have adversative power, cp. 441.

422. ca

文章の繋がりは本書最後の章の主題なので、ここでは、接続詞の簡単な説明を、特にそれらが同じ1つの文の範囲内の語を結びつけることに関して、いくつか示すのみで事足りるであろう。

1. ca

caは最も優れた連結接続詞であり、「そして」（and）を表す。原則として、rāmo lakṣmaṇaś caのように付加される語〔の次〕に添えられるが、数語あるいは文全体に付加する場合には、pitā mātuś ca svasā (father and mother’s sister)のように、最初の語〔の次〕に添えられる。
Panc. 225 caireṇa] kaścid dṛṣṭaḥ / dṛṣṭvā ca taṃ… cauro ‘bravīt

この語順は、散文においては、めったに逆にならない（例としてはPanc. 126 rājño vakṣo dvidhā jātaṃ rājā mṛtaś caをみよ。本来はmṛtaś ca rājā）が、詩文ではしばしば転倒する。
Nala. I, 22 nipetuste garutmantaḥ sā dadarśa ca tān gaṇān
Kathâs. 44, 3: the preceding sentence is sa piturgṛhe… avasatsukham

後者はekadā piturāsthāne sthitaś ca puruṣaṃ… dadarśa saḥと続く。

詩文においては、caはそれが接続する語の間に来ることがある。
Mhbh. 1, 148, 2 atha yudhiṣṭhiraḥ / bhīmasenārjunau cobhau yamau provāca (then Yudh. addressed Bhîm., Arj. and the twins)
M. 9, 322 iha cāmutra vardhate (he becomes great in this world and in the other)

詩人たちにあっては、接続されている要素のそれぞれにcaが置かれることは稀でない。古風な散文においてもそうである。例としては、Ch. Up. 1, 3, 2をみよ。古代ギリシャ語の詩人におけるτε…τεと比較せよ。けれども、同一のものに異なる性質等が同時に与えられていることを述べる必要がある場合、このイディオムは散文でも用いられる。
Pat. I, p. 430 yājñikaś cāyaṃ caiyākaraṇaś ca (he is an accomplished sacrificer as well as a grammarian)
Prabodh. I, p. 15 modaṃ janayati ca saṃmohayati ca (it procures joy and perplexes at the same time)

同時性を表すca… caについては438の補足2をみよ。

【補足1】
3つ以上の語句が接続される場合、caはふつう一度のみ、それらの語の最後に置かれる。
Panc. 6 bhikṣayā nṛpasevayā kṛṣikarmaṇā vidyopārjanena vyavahāreṇa ca (by begging, by attending on the prince, by agriculture, by turning one’s learning into money, and by trade)
Daç. 78 subhagena ca mayā svadhanasya svagṛhasya svagaṇasya svadehasya svajīvitasya ca saiveśvarī kṛtā

その場合caが欠落することは稀であるが、修辞のスタイルや成句によっては省略されることもある。
Pat. I, p. 431 ahar ahar nayamāno gām aśvaṃ puruṣaṃ paśum
R. 3, 69, 32 karābhyāṃ vividhāngṛhya ṛkṣān pakṣigaṇān mṛgān
Mṛcch. I, p. 20 bhāgyakrameṇa hi dhanāni bhavanti yānti (v. a. as soon as they have come, they disappear)
Bhoj. 10 jarāṃ mṛtyuṃ bhayaṃ vyādhiṃ yo jānāsi sa pāṇḍitaḥ

【補足2】
caは、「そして」（and）よりも強い語で翻訳しなければならないことがある。
R. 1, 1, 4 kasya bibhyati devāś ca (of whom are even the gods afraid?)

これは多少の肯定でありうるし、逆接のはたらきをも持ちうる。441をみよ。