430. iva.

iva „like, as” is the particle of comparison. It is always put after the standard of comparison, siṃha iva balavān (strong like a lion). Mṛcch. I, p. 48 andhasya dṛṣṭir iva puṣṭir ivāturasya mūrkhasya buddhir iva siddhir ivālasasya / svalpasmṛter vyasaninaḥ param eva vidyā / … sā pranaṣṭā (she has disappeared, like the eight of the blind, like the health of the sick, like the wisdom of the fool, like the prosperity of the sluggard, like the learning of the dull and dissipated), Çâk. VI kañcid ahim iva vismṛtavān asi tvam (have you perhaps forgotten it, as I have?). If the standard of comparison or the simile consists of more words, iva likes to be put in the midst of them. Çâk. VII kiṃ nu khalu bāle ‘sminnaurasa iva putre snihyati me manaḥ. Exceptions as to the place of iva may occasionally be found in poets.

yathā.

The other particle of comparison is the relative yathā. It is especially used, if the standard of comparison is expressed by a full sentence, but it does the same duty as iva.

Rem. 1. It is a matter of course, that iva and yathā have no influence at all on the case of the noun they are construed with. Both the noun compared and the standard of comparison are put in the same case. Kumâras. 4, 25 taiḥ paridevitākṣarair hṛdaye dagdhaśarair ivāhataḥ (struck by those lamentations, as if they were poisoned arrows); Nala. 2, 28 taṃ dṛṣṭvā… bhrājamānaṃ yathā ravim (on seeing him who was bright like the sun).

Rem. 2. Note the idiom ābhāsata iva »he appears like,” f. i. Kumâras. 7, 3 [tatpuraṃ] svarga ivābabhāse.

Rem. 3. iva and yathā are often used in similes. In this case they may be strengthened by adding to them such epithets as sākṣāt (in person), vigrahavant or vigrahin (embodied), svayam, apara (cp. Lat. Mars alter) and the like. Nala. 1, 4 the hero is said to have been an excellent archer and ruler of his subjects sākṣād iva manuḥ svayam »as if he were Manu himself,” Daç. 116 a beautiful woman is called ratir iva vigrahiṇī (the goddess Rati embodied), Mhbh. 1, 85, 5 yayātiḥ pālayām āsa sākṣād indra ivāparaḥ. Cp. Kumâras. 6, 11, Ragh. 2, 16, Mâlav. I, p. 24, Kâm. 3, 30, etc.

430. iva

iva（…のように）は比較の不変化辞である。これは常に比較の基準になる語の後ろに置かれる；siṃha iva balavā（ライオンの如く強い）のように。
Mṛcch. I, p. 48 andhasya dṛṣṭir iva puṣṭir ivāturasya mūrkhasya buddhir iva siddhir ivālasasya / svalpasmṛter vyasaninaḥ param eva vidyā / … sā pranaṣṭā (she has disappeared, like the eight of the blind, like the health of the sick, like the wisdom of the fool, like the prosperity of the sluggard, like the learning of the dull and dissipated)
Çâk. VI kañcid ahim iva vismṛtavān asi tvam (have you perhaps forgotten it, as I have?)

比較の基準やその類義語が複数の単語から成る場合、ivaはそれらの間に置かれることを好む。
Çâk. VII kiṃ nu khalu bāle ‘sminnaurasa iva putre snihyati me manaḥ

ivaの位置に関する例外は、詩文で見られることがある。