437. 3. particles.

III. When treating of sentences connected by particles it is best to keep apart the logical categories.

Copulative particles.

Mere copulation is denoted by ca, api, atha — either single or combined, as api ca, cāpi, athāpi —, by kiṃ ca, aparam, anyac ca, by tataḥ and tataś ca. They answer to English and, also, likewise, moreover, further, then, thereupon etc. They are not quite synonymous, and each of them may have its proper sphere (as tataḥ to subjoin what is subsequent in time, kiṃ ca, aparam, anyac ca to signify the importance of what is added, atha to import a change of the scene, of the action, of the actors etc.), yet it is neither easy nor necessary to draw the boundary-lines sharply between them.

Examples: 1. ca. Daç. 83 niśi vayam imāṃ purīṃ praviṣṭā daṣṭaś ca mamaiva nāyako darvīkareṇa; — 2. api. Mudr. II, p. 69 priyaṃvadaka… viśramyatāṃ parijanena / tvam api svamadhikāramaśūnyaṃ kuru (Priy., my attendants may keep their rest and you, discharge your duty); — 3. atha. R. 3, 14, 4 sa taṃ pitṛsakhaṃ matvā pūjathāmāsa rāghavaḥ / … tasya kulamavyagramatha papraccha nāma ca, Panc. 3 the king first spoke to Vishṇuçarman, »then the other replied” atha viṣṇuśarmā taṃ rājānamūce, — 4. kiṃ ca. Panc. 214 kim atra cinyate / avicāritam ayaṃ hantavyaḥ the reasons, why he is to be killed are then given: yataḥ… kiṃ ca… uktaṃ… śrūyate ca (for… moreover… then one says… it is also taught); — 5. aparam. Panc. 135 madāśrayāḥ sarvā ete varākāḥ / aparaṃ svakudumbaṃ parityajya samāgatāḥ (all these poor fellows are depending on me, besides they have left their families in order to join me), ibid. IV, 65 mitraṃ hy amitratāṃ yātam aparaṃ (secondly) me priyā mṛtā gṛham anyena ca (moreover) vyāptam; — 6. anyac ca. Panc. 168 a heavenly being prevents Somilaka from suicide, and says maivaṃ sāhasaṃ kuru… tadgaccha svagṛhaṃ prati / anyac ca bhavadīyasāhasenāhaṃ tuṣṭaḥ; — 7. tataḥ. Daç. 138 ahaṃ tu… tvayā praveśayiṣye / tataḥ pitaramujjīvya tadabhirucitenābhyupāyena ceṣṭiṣyāmaḥ (you must make me enter, then recall our father into life and act in the way that shall please him).

Rem. 1. atha is not seldom= »now”, fr. or. Panc. 94 kasmiṃś cij jalāśaye… trayo matsyāḥ santi / atha kadācit taṃ jalāśayaṃ dṛṣṭvā gacchaddhir matsyajīvibhir uktam (in some pond there were three fishes. Now, one day fishermen passed, looked at that pond and said).

Rem. 2. ca, api, atha are sometimes to be rendered by but, yet, nevertheless. See 441.

437. 不変化辞

3. 不変化辞によって接続された文を扱う場合には、その論理的カテゴリを分離するとよい。

○接続詞的不変化辞

単なる等位接続は、ca、api、athaによって表される。単体で用いられるか、あるいはapi ca、cāpi、athāpi、kiṃ ca、aparam、anyac ca、およびtataḥにtataś ca、のような結合した形で用いられる。これらは英語のand、also、likewise、moreover、further、then、thereuponなどに対応する。これらは完全に同義ではなく、それぞれが適切な領域を持ちうる（tataḥ は時間的に後続するものに、kiṃ ca、aparam、anyac caはそれが付加された語の重要性を示すために、athaは場面・行為・行為者の変化などを表すために、それぞれ付加される）が、それらの間にはっきりと境界線を引くことは容易でなく、その必要もない。

例：
1. ca
Daç. 83 niśi vayam imāṃ purīṃ praviṣṭā daṣṭaś ca mamaiva nāyako darvīkareṇa

2. api
Mudr. II, p. 69 priyaṃvadaka… viśramyatāṃ parijanena / tvam api svamadhikāramaśūnyaṃ kuru (Priy., my attendants may keep their rest and you, discharge your duty)

3. atha
R. 3, 14, 4 sa taṃ pitṛsakhaṃ matvā pūjathāmāsa rāghavaḥ / … tasya kulamavyagramatha papraccha nāma ca
Panc. 3 the king first spoke to Vishṇuçarman, »then the other replied’’ atha viṣṇuśarmā taṃ rājānamūce

4. kiṃ ca
Panc. 214 kim atra cinyate / avicāritam ayaṃ hantavyaḥ the reasons, why he is to be killed are then given: yataḥ… kiṃ ca… uktaṃ… śrūyate ca (for… moreover… then one says… it is also taught)

5. aparam
Panc. 135 madāśrayāḥ sarvā ete varākāḥ / aparaṃ svakudumbaṃ parityajya samāgatāḥ (all these poor fellows are depending on me, besides they have left their families in order to join me)
ibid. IV, 65 mitraṃ hy amitratāṃ yātam aparaṃ (secondly) me priyā mṛtā gṛham anyena ca (moreover) vyāptam

6. anyac ca
Panc. 168 a heavenly being prevents Somilaka from suicide, and says maivaṃ sāhasaṃ kuru… tadgaccha svagṛhaṃ prati / anyac ca bhavadīyasāhasenāhaṃ tuṣṭaḥ

7. tataḥ
Daç. 138 ahaṃ tu… tvayā praveśayiṣye / tataḥ pitaram ujjīvya tadabhirucitenābhyupāyena ceṣṭiṣyāmaḥ (you must make me enter, then recall our father into life and act in the way that shall please him)

【補足1】
athaが「さて」（now、フランス語ではor）であることは稀でない。
Panc. 94 kasmiṃś cij jalāśaye… trayo matsyāḥ santi / atha kadācit taṃ jalāśayaṃ dṛṣṭvā gacchaddhir matsyajīvibhir uktam (in some pond there were three fishes. Now, one day fishermen passed, looked at that pond and said)

【補足2】
ca、api、athaは「けれども」（but）、「しかしそれでも」（yet）、「それにも関わらず」（nevertheless）で翻訳されることがある。441をみよ。