441. Antithesis.

Antithesis may be variously denoted. In the first place it may be expressed by adversative particles, viz. tu (429), param, punaḥ, also by such combinations as kiṃ tu, paraṃ tu, paraṃ kiṃ tu. Further ca, api, atha may be = on the other hand, on my-, your-, his part, again etc., or if stronger antithesis is implied, = but, yet. Nor is the asyndeton rare, in which case it is the mere arrangement of the two contrasting ideas, by which the antithesis appears, see 436.

Examples: a.) antithesis expressed by adversative particles. — tu. Mṛcch. IV, p. 141 striyo hi nāma nisargādeva paṇḍitāḥ / puruṣāṇāṃ tu pāṇḍityaṃ śāstrair evopadiśyate (womankind, indeed, are wise by nature, but to men wisdom is to be taught by manuals); — param. Panc. 315 asty etat paraṃ tathāpi gṛhiṇī pṛcchāmi (it is so, yet I will ask my wife nevertheless); — kiṃ tu. Hit. 106 durgaṃ tāvad idam eva cirātsunirūpitam āste mahatsaraḥ / kiṃ tvetanmadhyadvīpe bhakṣyavastūnāṃ saṃgrahaḥ kriyatām (well, this great lake has been very aptly chosen to be our fortress, but yon must lay up provisions in the island in the midst of it); — paraṃ tu. Panc. 304 śāstrapāraṃ gatāḥ paraṃ tu buddhir ahitāḥ; — paraṃ kiṃ tu. Panc. 16 satyametatparaṃ kiṃ tu- (this is true, but —); — punaḥ. Panc. 72 ayaṃ śaṣpabhojī devapādānāṃ punaḥ śatravo māṃsāśinaḥ (he is an herbivorous animal, but your enemies are carnivorous).

Rem. 1. punaḥ, like tu, is generally subjoined to the first word of the sentence. It must be kept in mind that its adversative power is but secondary; properly it means »again,” and may be used in the weakened meaning of »on the other hand, yet,” just as again in English (*1).

Rem. 2. Of the adversative u instances are often met with in such works as the Aitareyabrâhmaṇa and the Chândogyopanishad, occasionally even in the epic poems. It mostly joins with some particle or relative. Ait. Br. 2, 39, 11 yāvatāṃ vai sa jātānāṃ veda te bhavanti / yeṣām u na veda kim u te syuḥ (— but those, of whom he has no knowledge, what is to become of them?), Ch. Up. 6, 4, 6 yad u… yad u, ibid. 4, 15, 3 eṣa u »but he.” Sometimes it is almost = ca, for it has less adversative force than tu.

b). ca, api or atha = but, yet, nevertheless. Nala 1, 5 Bhîma bears the epithet of prajākāmaḥ, to which are added the words sa cāprajaḥ »beloved of his subjects [and at the same time »desiring to have children”], yet childless”. R. 3, 37, 2 sulabhāḥ puruṣā rājansatataṃ priyavādinaḥ / apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktā ca durlabhaḥ (they who always speak things pleasant to be heard are easy to be found, but it is as difficult to meet with one who speaks an unpleasant yet wholesome word, as with one who listens to such a one), Mudr. III, p. 105 Câṇakya to the chief of the eunuchs aho rājaparijanasya cāṇakyasyopari vidveṣapakṣapātaḥ / atha kva kṛṣalas tiṣṭhati (the king’s attendants are indeed Câṇakya’s enemies. But where is the çûdra-king?). Like­wise athavā, cp. 426.

(*1)
Yet, like »again,” it may occasionally head the sentence. Panc. 3 nāhaṃ vadyāvikrayaṃ śāsanaśatenāpi karomi / punar etāms tava putrānmāsaṣaṭkena yadi nītiśāstrajñān na karomi tataḥ svanāmatyāgaṃ karomi; Daç. 181, l. 14.

441. 対照法

対照法はいろいろな仕方で記述されうる。第1には、逆接の不変化辞、すなわちtu（429）、param、punaḥで、あるいはkiṃ tu、paraṃ tu、paraṃ kiṃ tuのような組み合わせで表される。これに加えて、ca、api、atha（＝「一方で」）、対照が暗示されている場合には「…であるけれども」も用いられる。また、2つの対照的な観念が対照法によって配置されるだけの場合には、接続詞省略は稀でない。436をみよ。

例文：
a.) 逆接の不変化辞
・tu
Mṛcch. IV, p. 141 striyo hi nāma nisargādeva paṇḍitāḥ / puruṣāṇāṃ tu pāṇḍityaṃ śāstrair evopadiśyate (womankind, indeed, are wise by nature, but to men wisdom is to be taught by manuals)
・param
Panc. 315 asty etat paraṃ tathāpi gṛhiṇī pṛcchāmi (it is so, yet I will ask my wife nevertheless)
・kiṃ tu
Hit. 106 durgaṃ tāvad idam eva cirātsunirūpitam āste mahatsaraḥ / kiṃ tvetanmadhyadvīpe bhakṣyavastūnāṃ saṃgrahaḥ kriyatām (well, this great lake has been very aptly chosen to be our fortress, but yon must lay up provisions in the island in the midst of it)
・paraṃ tu
Panc. 304 śāstrapāraṃ gatāḥ paraṃ tu buddhir ahitāḥ
・paraṃ kiṃ tu
Panc. 16 satyametatparaṃ kiṃ tu- (this is true, but —)
・punaḥ
Panc. 72 ayaṃ śaṣpabhojī devapādānāṃ punaḥ śatravo māṃsāśinaḥ (he is an herbivorous animal, but your enemies are carnivorous)

【補足1】
punaḥは、tuと同様に、ふつう文の最初の語の後に来る。その効果が二次的なものに過ぎないことに留意せねばならない；正しくは「再び」（again）の意味であり、ちょうど英語のそれと同様に、「一方で」（on the other hand）や「それにも関わらず」（yet）の弱められた意味で用いられうる（*1）。

【補足2】
逆接のuに関して、その用例はAitareya-brāhmaṇaやChāndogya-upaniṣadのような文献に、時には叙事詩にも見られる。ほとんどは何らかの不変化辞や関係詞と結びついている。
Ait. Br. 2, 39, 11 yāvatāṃ vai sa jātānāṃ veda te bhavanti / yeṣām u na veda kim u te syuḥ (— but those, of whom he has no knowledge, what is to become of them?)
Ch. Up. 6, 4, 6 yad u… yad u ibid. 4, 15, 3 eṣa u »but he.’’

tuよりも逆接の効力が小さいために、ほとんどcaと同じはたらきをすることもある。

b.) ca、api、atha
Nala. 1, 5 Bhîma bears the epithet of prajākāmaḥ, to which are added the words sa cāprajaḥ »beloved of his subjects [and at the same time »desiring to have children’’], yet childless’’
R. 3, 37, 2 sulabhāḥ puruṣā rājansatataṃ priyavādinaḥ / apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktā ca durlabhaḥ (they who always speak things pleasant to be heard are easy to be found, but it is as difficult to meet with one who speaks an unpleasant yet wholesome word, as with one who listens to such a one)
Mudr. III, p. 105 Câṇakya to the chief of the eunuchs aho rājaparijanasya cāṇakyasyopari vidveṣapakṣapātaḥ / atha kva kṛṣalas tiṣṭhati (the king’s attendants are indeed Câṇakya’s enemies. But where is the çûdra-king?)

athavāも同様。426をみよ。

（*1）
けれども、英語のagainと同様に、punaḥは文頭に来ることもある。
Panc. 3 nāhaṃ vadyāvikrayaṃ śāsanaśatenāpi karomi / punar etāms tava putrānmāsaṣaṭkena yadi nītiśāstrajñān na karomi tataḥ svanāmatyāgaṃ karomi
Daç. 181, l. 14