442. Adversatives answering to limitatives.

Observations on the adversative particles.

1. To emphasize the antithesis, a limitative particle may precede in the foregoing sentence. Then we have the type of Greek μέν… δέ, Latin quidem… sed or vero. Such limitative particles in Sanskrit are tāvat, khalu, kevalam, kāmam, kila, satyam, param. Panc. 313 ahaṃ tāvat kṣetrapālam avalokayāmi / tvaṃ punaḥ svecchayā gītaṃ kuru (I will look out for the farmer, but you —), ibid. 195 asmākaṃ tāvad vainateyo rājā / sa ca… na kāmapi cintāmasmākaṃ karoti (it is true, we have a king, Garuda but he does. not care for us), Mhbh. 1, 48, 6 kāmaṃ ca mama na nyāyyaṃ praṣṭuṃ tvāṃ kāryam īdṛśaṃ / kiṃ tu kāryagarīyastvāt tatastvāham acūcudam (to be sure, it does not befit me to ask you about such a matter, but owing to its great importance I have ventured to urge you), Panc. III, 171 sa ninindra kilātmānaṃ na tu lubdhakaṃ punaḥ (he accused himself, but not the fowler), Kathâs. 39, 21 vayasā paraṃ kaniṣṭhaḥ so ‘bhavatteṣāṃ guṇair jyeṣṭha tam astv abhūt.

api tu and pratyut.

2. If the preceding sentence is negative, the adversative particle must be rather strong. Such strong adversatives are kiṃ tu, paraṃ tu, api tu and pratyut »on the contrary.” Panc. 203 na tavedaṃ gṛhaṃ kiṃ tu mamaiva, Daç 77 na vapurvasu vā puṃstvamūlam api prakṛṣṭagaṇikāprārthyayaivano hi yaḥ sa pumān (neither external beauty nor riches are the result of manhood, no, he is a man who is loved by the foremost courtesan), ibid. 100 rājā tvāṃ… nocchetsyati pratyut prāpayiṣyaty eva yaiva rājyam (he will [not only] not kill you, but he will even mike you, heir-apparent).

3. na kevalam the former, ca, api etc. in the latter member are = ca… ca »not only… but also.” Panc. I, 33 na kevalam asaṃmānaṃ labhate ca viḍambanām, Nâgân. V, p. 85 ayaṃ vatso jīmūtavāhano na kevalaṃ dhriyate pratyut kṛtāñjalinā garuḍena śiṣyeṇeva paryupāsyamānas tiṣṭhati (not only my son Jîm. here is alive, nay he is even respected by Garuda, as a pupil reverences hie teacher), Ragh. 3, 31 na kevalaṃ tadgurur ekapārthivaḥ kṣitāvabhūd ekadhanurdharo’pi. — Similarly na param… api or ca or pratyut sim., see f. i. Kathâs. 33, 138. As to na param… yāvat see 480.

Rem. If on the other hand na precedes and kevalam or param introduce the second sentence, these particles may be almost = »but.” Panc. 122 na bhavasi tvaṃ sajjanaḥ kevalaṃ pāpabuddhir asi (you are not an honest man, you are but an evil-minded fellow), Prabodh. IV, p. 84 klamo na vācāṃ śiraso na śūlaṃ na cittatāpo na tanor vimardaḥ / na cāpi hiṃsādir anarthayogaḥ ślāghyā paraṃ krodhajaye ‘ham ekā (in the subduing of anger not fatigue of voice I nor head-ache etc., but I [forbearance] alone am to be praised).

kim u, kiṃ punaḥ and the like.

4. The phrases kim u, kiṃ nu, kiṃ punaḥ, kim uta and kutaḥ have the meaning of Lat. nedum »how much more” or »how much less,” when heading the second member of a complex sentence. This idiom is much liked in Sanskrit. Utt. III, p. 39 nanu tvām avanipṛṣṭhavartinīm… vanadevatā api na drakṣyanti kiṃ punar martyāḥ (not even to the deities of the forest you will be visible, how much less to men?), R. 2, 30, 21 imaṃ hi sahituṃ śokaṃ muhūrtam api notsahe / kiṃ punar daśa varṣāṇi troṇi caikaṃ ca duḥkhitā (I cannot bear this sorrow not even for a moment, how much less for fourteen long years), Hit. 2 ekaikam apy anarthāya kim u yatra catuṣṭayam (even each of them by itself suffices for mischief, how much more to him, who possesses them all four), R. 2, 48, 21 na hi no jīvitenārthaḥ kutaḥ putraiḥ kuto dhanaiḥ.

442. 時間限定不変化辞に対応する逆接不変化辞

逆接の不変化辞に関する所見：

1. 対照法を強調するために、〔対句のうち〕先行する文の文頭に時間を限定する不変化辞（limitative）が来ることがある。これは古代ギリシャ語のμέν… δέ、ラテン語のquidem… sed / veroに相当する。サンスクリットにおいてこのようなはたらきをする時間を限定する不変化辞は、tāvat、khalu、kevalam、kāmam、kila、satyam、paramである。
Panc. 313 ahaṃ tāvat kṣetrapālam avalokayāmi / tvaṃ punaḥ svecchayā gītaṃ kuru (I will look out for the farmer, but you —)
ibid. 195 asmākaṃ tāvad vainateyo rājā / sa ca… na kāmapi cintāmasmākaṃ karoti (it is true, we have a king, Garuda but he does. not care for us)
Mhbh. 1, 48, 6 kāmaṃ ca mama na nyāyyaṃ praṣṭuṃ tvāṃ kāryam īdṛśaṃ / kiṃ tu kāryagarīyastvāt tatastvāham acūcudam (to be sure, it does not befit me to ask you about such a matter, but owing to its great importance I have ventured to urge you)
Panc. III, 171 sa ninindra kilātmānaṃ na tu lubdhakaṃ punaḥ (he accused himself, but not the fowler)
Kathâs. 39, 21 vayasā paraṃ kaniṣṭhaḥ so ‘bhavat teṣāṃ guṇair jyeṣṭha tam astv abhūt

2. 先行する文が否定文である場合、逆接の不変化辞はより強いものである。そのような強い逆接の不変化辞は、kiṃ tu、paraṃ tu、api tu、pratyut（それどころか）である。
Panc. 203 na tavedaṃ gṛhaṃ kiṃ tu mamaiva Daç 77 na vapurvasu vā puṃstvamūlam api prakṛṣṭagaṇikāprārthyayaivano hi yaḥ sa pumān (neither external beauty nor riches are the result of manhood, no, he is a man who is loved by the foremost courtesan)
ibid. 100 rājā tvāṃ… nocchetsyati pratyut prāpayiṣyaty eva yaiva rājyam (he will [not only] not kill you, but he will even mike you, heir-apparent)

3. na kevalamが先に、caやapiなどが後に来る構文は、ca… ca（…だけでなく…も）と等しい。
Panc. I, 33 na kevalam asaṃmānaṃ labhate ca viḍambanām
Nâgân. V, p. 85 ayaṃ vatso jīmūtavāhano na kevalaṃ dhriyate pratyut kṛtāñjalinā garuḍena śiṣyeṇeva paryupāsyamānas tiṣṭhati (not only my son Jîm. here is alive, nay he is even respected by Garuda, as a pupil reverences hie teacher)
Ragh. 3, 31 na kevalaṃ tadgurur ekapārthivaḥ kṣitāvabhūd ekadhanurdharo ’pi

na param… api / ca / pratyutの類も同様。例としてはKathâs. 33, 138をみよ。na param… yāvatに関しては480をみよ。

【補足】
他方、naが先行し、kevalamやparamが次の文を導く場合、これらの不変化辞はほとんど「けれども…」（but）と等しい。
Panc. 122 na bhavasi tvaṃ sajjanaḥ kevalaṃ pāpabuddhir asi (you are not an honest man, you are but an evil-minded fellow)
Prabodh. IV, p. 84 klamo na vācāṃ śiraso na śūlaṃ na cittatāpo na tanor vimardaḥ / na cāpi hiṃsādir anarthayogaḥ ślāghyā paraṃ krodhajaye ‘ham ekā (in the subduing of anger not fatigue of voice I nor head-ache etc., but I [forbearance] alone am to be praised)

kim u, kiṃ punaḥ and the like.

4. kim u、kiṃ nu、kiṃ punaḥ、kim uta、kutaḥの句は、ラテン語における、複雑な文の2語目に来る場合のnedum（況んや…）の意味をもつ。サンスクリットでは、このイディオムはより好まれている。
Utt. III, p. 39 nanu tvām avanipṛṣṭhavartinīm… vanadevatā api na drakṣyanti kiṃ punar martyāḥ (not even to the deities of the forest you will be visible, how much less to men?)
R. 2, 30, 21 imaṃ hi sahituṃ śokaṃ muhūrtam api notsahe / kiṃ punar daśa varṣāṇi troṇi caikaṃ ca duḥkhitā (I cannot bear this sorrow not even for a moment, how much less for fourteen long years)
Hit. 2 ekaikam apy anarthāya kim u yatra catuṣṭayam (even each of them by itself suffices for mischief, how much more to him, who possesses them all four)
R. 2, 48, 21 na hi no jīvitenārthaḥ kutaḥ putraiḥ kuto dhanaiḥ