452.

From observing the practice of Sanskrit authors the following general rules about the relative sentences may be laid down.

Its propaties.

1. The demonstrative is chiefly the pronoun sa, sā, tat and its derivatives, as tatra, tathā, tadā, tataḥ. Yet, it must be kept in mind that relative adverbs do not necessarily require demonstrative adverbs of the same category; in other terms, one is not compelled to use the type yataḥ… tataḥ, yatra… tatra alone, but sometimes some other demonstrative, f. i. a noun-case of the pronoun may answer to the relative adverb, as yatra tvam avasaḥ sa deśo ramaṇoyaḥ (it is a charming country where you dwelled).

2. Sanskrit likes to put the relative sentence first. In this case we have a period consisting of a protasis or former member, which is the relative sentence, and an apodosis or latter member, the principal sentence. This order is the regular one and much more used than inserting the relative sentence in the main one, as is generally done in modern European tongues. The demonstr. is commonly expressed, sometimes it is understood.

Examples : Panc. II, 20 yasmāc ca yena ca yadā ca yathā ca yac ca yāvac ca yatra ca śubhāśubham ātmakarma / tasmāc ca tena ca tadā ca tathā ca tac ca tāvac ca tatra ca vidhātṛvaśādupaiti (good and evil works of. the individual are so requited by the Divine Power as to reach [the performer] by the same cause, by the same agent, at the same time, in the same way, at the same spot, and to be of the same quality and quantity), M. 1, 42 yeṣāṃ tu yādṛśaṃ karma bhūtānāmiha kīrtitaṃ / tat tayā vo ‘bhidhāsyāmi (now, what duties are assigned to the different beings in this world, I will tell you), Utt. III, p. 42 yatra drumā api mṛgā api bandhavo me / yāni priyāsahacaraś ciram adhyavātsam / etāni tāni bahunirpharakandarāṇi / godāvarīparisarasya girestaṭāni, Panc. 48 tad asya yad yujyate tat kriyatām (do to him that which is fit to be done).

Sometimes, however, the relative sentence follows after the principal one. In this case, the demonstrative is often omitted. Mṛcch. I, p. 19 etat tu māṃ dahati yadgṛham asmadīyaṃ / kṣīṇārthamityatithayaḥ parivarjayanti (this ails me, that —), Nala. 2, 25 sarve [sc. lokapālāḥ]… vidarbhān abhijagmus te yataḥ sarve mahokṣitaḥ (all of them went to Vidarbha, whither all princes were on their way).

3. Like the interrogative (280), the relative may be part of a compound. Mṛcch. III, p. 111 yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ = yasya vismayaṃ-, Ch. Up. 4, 4, 2 sāham etan na veda yadgotras tvam asi (I do not know of what gotra you are), Ven. II, p. 44 tadādeśaya tam uddeśaṃ yatrasthā bhānumatī.

4. Nothing prevents the relative depending on a gerund, participle or absolute case. Ch. Up. 5, 1, 7 te ha prāṇāḥ prajāpatiṃ pitaram etyocur bhagavan ko naḥ śreṣṭha iti / tānhovāca yasminva utkrānte śarīraṃ pāpiṣṭhataramiva dṛśyeta sa vaḥ śreṣṭha iti (the [five] senses went to their father Prajâpati and said: »Sir, who is the beet of us?” He replied: »he by whose departure the body seems worse than worst, he is the beet of you”), Bhoj. 26 nagaraṃ vilokya kamapi mūrkhamamātyo nāpaśyadyaṃ nirasya viduṣe gṛhaṃ dīyate (the minister looked about the town, but did not find any illiterate person to expel from his house, in order to give it to a man of learning). — Kumâras. 1, 3 the pronoun yasya is to be construed with the former part of a tatpurusha yasya himaṃ na saubhāgyavilopi jātam (v. a. whose happiness [of Himavân] is not disturbed by the snow), Mṛcch. III, p. 111 the thief speaks: tatkasmindeśe darśayāmyātmaśilpaṃ / dṛṣṭvā śvo yaṃ yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ (on what spot, then, shall I show my skill, which the citizens will admire to-morrow when looking at it?).

5. In prose, the relative is, as a rule, the first word of the relative sentence. Panc. 53 yatra kanyāntaḥpure vāyuṃ muktvā nānyasya praveśo ‘sti tatra-, ibid. 62 yaiḥ sahāhaṃ vṛddhiṃ gataḥ sadaiva krīḍitaś caite- (they, with whom I always stayed, with whom I grew up and played —). In poetry it may be put anywhere. Varâh. Brh. 32, 4 the Earth says to the Creator bhagavan nāma mamaitat tvāyā kṛtaṃ yadacaleti tan na tathā (o Lord, the name of firmness which thou hast bestowed upon me, is vain). The çlokas I, 54-63 of the Pancatantra, which have been quoted for a different purpose on page 266 of this book, may also give some illustration of the poetical license in putting the relative; in one çloka (vs. 62) the relative heads the sentence, in two it is wanting, the seven others exhibit the utmost variety. (*1) Panc. I, 414 the relative sentence runs thus: narādhipā nīcajanānuvartino budhopadiṣṭena pathā na yānti ye. R. 2, 28, 26 we have this order vanaṃ tu netuṃ na kṛtā matiryadā babhūva rāmeṇa tadā mahātmanā / na tasya sītā vacanaṃ cakāra instead of yadā tu rāmeṇa vanaṃ netuṃ matirna kṛtā tadā sītā tasya vacanaṃ na cakāra. Cp. f. i. Kathâs. 29, 183.

(*1)
vs.54. -karoti nirvikalpaṃ yaḥ sa bhaved rājavallabhaḥ
55. prabhuprasādajaṃ vittaṃ supātre yo niyojayet… sa-
56. antaḥpuracaraiḥ sārdhaṃ yo na mantraṃ samācaret… sa-
57. dyūtaṃ yo yamadṛtābhaṃ… paśyet… sa-

452. 関係文の一般則

サンスクリットの著述家たちの実践を観察するに、関係文に関して次の一般則が定められる。

○その特性

1. 指示代名詞は主に代名詞sa、sā、tatとその派生語tatra、tathā、tadā、tataḥである。けれども、関係副詞は必ずしも同じカテゴリの指示副詞を要しないことに留意せねばならない；換言すると、yataḥ… tataḥやyatra… tatraの類のみを使用する必要はないが、なにか他の指示代名詞、例せば代名詞の名詞格が関係副詞に対応することがある。

2. サンスクリットは関係文を先に置く傾向がある。この場合、前提節（protasis）＝関係文の前分と、帰結節（apodosis）＝関係文の後分すなわち主文と、から成る掉尾文となる。この語順が通常のもので、現代のヨーロッパの諸言語で一般的に行われているような主文に関係文を挿入する仕方よりもはるかに多く用いられる。指示代名詞は一般的に〔明示的に〕表現されるが、それが〔補って〕解釈されることもある。

例：
Panc. II, 20 yasmāc ca yena ca yadā ca yathā ca yac ca yāvac ca yatra ca śubhāśubham ātmakarma / tasmāc ca tena ca tadā ca tathā ca tac ca tāvac ca tatra ca vidhātṛvaśādupaiti (good and evil works of. the individual are so requited by the Divine Power as to reach [the performer] by the same cause, by the same agent, at the same time, in the same way, at the same spot, and to be of the same quality and quantity)
M. 1, 42 yeṣāṃ tu yādṛśaṃ karma bhūtānāmiha kīrtitaṃ / tat tayā vo ‘bhidhāsyāmi (now, what duties are assigned to the different beings in this world, I will tell you)
Utt. III, p. 42 yatra drumā api mṛgā api bandhavo me / yāni priyāsahacaraś ciram adhyavātsam / etāni tāni bahunirpharakandarāṇi / godāvarīparisarasya girestaṭāni
Panc. 48 tad asya yad yujyate tat kriyatām (do to him that which is fit to be done)

ただし、関係文が主文の後に続くこともある。この場合、指示代名詞はしばしば省略される。
Mṛcch. I, p. 19 etat tu māṃ dahati yadgṛham asmadīyaṃ / kṣīṇārtham ity atithayaḥ parivarjayanti (this ails me, that —)
Nala. 2, 25 sarve [sc. lokapālāḥ]… vidarbhān abhijagmuste yataḥ sarve mahokṣitaḥ (all of them went to Vidarbha, whither all princes were on their way)

3. 疑問詞（280）と同様に、関係詞は複合語の一部となりうる。
Mṛcch. III, p. 111 yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ = yasya vismayaṃ-
Ch. Up. 4, 4, 2 sāham etan na veda yadgotras tvam asi (I do not know of what gotra you are)
Ven. II, p. 44 tadādeśaya tam uddeśaṃ yatrasthā bhānumatī

4. 関係詞が動名詞・分詞・絶対-格に係ることも可能である。
Ch. Up. 5, 1, 7 te ha prāṇāḥ prajāpatiṃ pitaram etyocur bhagavan ko naḥ śreṣṭha iti / tān hovāca yasmin va utkrānte śarīraṃ pāpiṣṭhataram iva dṛśyeta sa vaḥ śreṣṭha iti (the [five] senses went to their father Prajâpati and said: »Sir, who is the beet of us?’’ He replied: »he by whose departure the body seems worse than worst, he is the beet of you’’)
Bhoj. 26 nagaraṃ vilokya kam api mūrkham amātyo nāpaśyad yaṃ nirasya viduṣe gṛhaṃ dīyate (the minister looked about the town, but did not find any illiterate person to expel from his house, in order to give it to a man of learning)
Kumâras. 1, 3 the pronoun yasya is to be construed with the former part of a tatpurusha yasya himaṃ na saubhāgyavilopi jātam (v. a. whose happiness [of Himavân] is not disturbed by the snow)
Mṛcch. III, p. 111 the thief speaks: tatkasmindeśe darśayāmy ātmaśilpaṃ / dṛṣṭvā śvo yaṃ yadvismayaṃ yānti paurāḥ (on what spot, then, shall I show my skill, which the citizens will admire to-morrow when looking at it?)

5. 散文では、関係詞は、原則として関係文の先頭に来る。
Panc. 53 yatra kanyāntaḥpure vāyuṃ muktvā nānyasya praveśo ‘sti tatra-
ibid. 62 yaiḥ sahāhaṃ vṛddhiṃ gataḥ sadaiva krīḍitaś caite- (they, with whom I always stayed, with whom I grew up and played —)

詩文ではどこにでも置かれうる。
Varâh. Brh. 32, 4 the Earth says to the Creator bhagavan nāma mamaitat tvāyā kṛtaṃ yadacaleti tan na tathā (o Lord, the name of firmness which thou hast bestowed upon me, is vain)

本書の266ページ（344-注1）に別の目的で引用したPañcatantraのśloka I, 54-63は、関係詞を置く際の詩的な破格の例証をいくつかもたらす；1つのśloka（vs. 62）では関係詞は文頭に来、2つの文では欠落し、他の7つの文は極度の多様性を見せている（*1）。
Panc. I, 414 the relative sentence runs thus: narādhipā nīcajanānuvartino budhopadiṣṭena pathā na yānti ye
R. 2, 28, 26 we have this order vanaṃ tu netuṃ na kṛtā matiryadā babhūva rāmeṇa tadā mahātmanā / na tasya sītā vacanaṃ cakāra instead or yadā tu rāmeṇa vanaṃ netuṃ matirna kṛtā tadā sītā tasya vacanaṃ na cakāra
Cp. f. i. Kathâs. 29, 183.

（*1）
vs.54. -karoti nirvikalpaṃ yaḥ sa bhaved rājavallabhaḥ
55. prabhuprasādajaṃ vittaṃ supātre yo niyojayet… sa-
56. antaḥpuracaraiḥ sārdhaṃ yo na mantraṃ samācaret… sa-
57. dyūtaṃ yo yamadṛtābhaṃ… paśyet… sa-